as (1) early responses to microbes, (2) early responses to herbivores, and (3) early
response to nearby plants. This chapter discusses the variability in early plant
responses to stimuli caused by biotic stressors and the importance of understanding the timing of plant responses to changing biotic stimuli.
Keywords
Biotic stimuli · Early signaling · Signal transduction · Molecular patterns
Abbreviations
AM
Arbuscular mycorrhiza
BAK1
Brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (BRI1)-associated kinase 1
BIK1
Botrytis-induced kinase 1
BRI1
Brassinosteroid-insensitive 1
CCaMK CalciumÀ/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
CDPK
Ca
2+ -dependent protein kinases
CERK1 Chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1
CSSP
Common symbiotic signaling pathway
DAMPs Damage-associated molecular patterns
EF-Tu
Elongation factor-Tu
ETI
Effector-triggered immunity
FACs
Fatty acid amino acid conjugates
FLS2
Flagellin-sensitive 2
GA
Gibberellic acid
GLV
Green leaf volatile
HAMPs Herbivore-associated molecular patterns
IAA
Indole acetic acid
LCO
Lipochitooligosaccharidic
LRR
Leucine-rich repeat
LysM
Lysine motifs
MAMPs Microbe-associated molecular patterns
MeSA
Methyl salicylate
MTI
MAMP-triggered immunity
NF
Nodulation (Nod) factors
OS
Oral secretions
PAMPs
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PGPR
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
PNG
Peptidoglycan
PRRs
Pattern recognition receptors
PTI
PAMP-triggered immunity
RLKs
Receptor-like kinases
RLPs
Receptor-like proteins
ROS
Reactive oxygen species
Vm
Transmembrane potential
WIPK
Wound-induced protein kinase
578
S. A. Zebelo