Decrypting Early Perception of Biotic Stress
on Plants
24
Simon A. Zebelo
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
2 Early Perception of Stress Caused by Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
2.1 Early Response to Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
2.2 Early Response to Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
2.3 Early Response to Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 582
2.4 Early Response to Phytoplasmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
2.5 Early Response to Symbiotic Microbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
3 Early Response to Herbivores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 584
4 Early Response to Neighboring Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Abstract
Plant response to biotic stress induced by various herbivores and pathogens
involves different defense mechanisms. Plant defense strategies against biotic
stressors start in the plasma membrane, where the biotic stressors interact physically by mechanical damage and chemically by introducing elicitors or triggering
plant-derived signaling molecules. The concept of “early” is relative and depends
on the dynamics of plant cells responding to stimuli. The stimuli triggered by
different biotic stressors result in different rates of plant responses, which often
depend on the intensity and the rate of the stimulus. In plant responses to stimuli,
the term “early” is often used to indicate the first visible or detectable plant
response. Plant early biotic stress responses vary based on the type of the
stressors. Based on the type of stressors, the rate of early responses is classified
S. A. Zebelo (*)
Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA
e-mail: sazebelo@umes.edu
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
J.-M. Mérillon, K. G. Ramawat (eds.), Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites,
Reference Series in Phytochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_30
577
on Plants
24
Simon A. Zebelo
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
2 Early Perception of Stress Caused by Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
2.1 Early Response to Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
2.2 Early Response to Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
2.3 Early Response to Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 582
2.4 Early Response to Phytoplasmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
2.5 Early Response to Symbiotic Microbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
3 Early Response to Herbivores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 584
4 Early Response to Neighboring Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Abstract
Plant response to biotic stress induced by various herbivores and pathogens
involves different defense mechanisms. Plant defense strategies against biotic
stressors start in the plasma membrane, where the biotic stressors interact physically by mechanical damage and chemically by introducing elicitors or triggering
plant-derived signaling molecules. The concept of “early” is relative and depends
on the dynamics of plant cells responding to stimuli. The stimuli triggered by
different biotic stressors result in different rates of plant responses, which often
depend on the intensity and the rate of the stimulus. In plant responses to stimuli,
the term “early” is often used to indicate the first visible or detectable plant
response. Plant early biotic stress responses vary based on the type of the
stressors. Based on the type of stressors, the rate of early responses is classified
S. A. Zebelo (*)
Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA
e-mail: sazebelo@umes.edu
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
J.-M. Mérillon, K. G. Ramawat (eds.), Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites,
Reference Series in Phytochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_30
577