References
1. Crozier A, Yokota T, Jaganath IB, Marks SC, Saltmarsh M, Clifford MN (2006) Secondary
metabolites in fruits, vegetables, beverages and other plant based dietary components.
In: Crozier A, Clifford MN, Ashihara H (eds) Plant secondary metabolites. Blackwell, Oxford,
UK, pp 208–302
2. Cipollini ML, Levey DJ (1997) Secondary metabolites of fleshy vertebrate-dispersed fruits:
adaptive hypotheses and implications for seed dispersal. Am Nat 150:346–372
3. Cipollini ML (2000) Secondary metabolites of vertebrate-dispersed fruits: evidence for
adaptive functions. Rev Chil Hist Nat 73:421–440
4. Ehrlén J, Eriksson O (1993) Toxicity in fleshy fruits: a non-adaptive trait? Oikos 66:107–113
5. Eriksson O, Ehrlén J (1998) Secondary metabolites in fleshy fruits: are adaptive explanations
needed? Am Nat 152:905–907
6. Cipollini ML, Paulk E, Mink K, Vaughn K, Fischer T (2004) Defense tradeoffs in fleshy fruits:
effects of resource variation on growth, reproduction, and fruit secondary chemistry in
Solanum carolinense. J Chem Ecol 30:1–17
7. Whitehead SR, Bowers MD (2013) Evidence for the adaptive significance of secondary
compounds in vertebrate-dispersed fruits. Am Nat 182:563–577
8. Whitehead SR, Bowers MD (2014) Chemical ecology of fruit defence: synergistic and
antagonistic interactions among amides from piper. Funct Ecol 28:1094–1106
9. Whitehead SR, Obando Quesada MF, Bowers MD (2015) Chemical tradeoffs in seed
dispersal: defensive metabolites in fruits deter consumption by mutualist bats.
Oikos 125:927–937
10. Whitehead SR, Tiramani J, Bowers MD (2015) Iridoid glycosides from fruits reduce the
growth of fungi associated with fruit rot. J Plant Ecol 9:357–366
11. Izhaki I (2002) Emodin – a secondary metabolite with multiple ecological functions in higher
plants. New Phytol 155:205–217
12. Bennett RN, Wallsgrove RM (1994) Secondary metabolites in plant defence mechanisms.
New Phytol 127:617–633
13. Farmer EE (2014) Leaf defence. Oxford University Press, Oxford
14. Rodríguez A, Alquézar B, Peña L (2013) Fruit aromas in mature fleshy fruits as signals of
readiness for predation and seed dispersal. New Phytol 197:36–48
15. Nevo O, Valenta K (2018) The ecology and evolution of fruit odor: implications for primate
seed dispersal. Int J Primatol 39:338–355
16. Nevo O, Valenta K, Tevlin AG, Omeja P, Styler SA, Jackson DJ, Chapman CA, Ayasse M
(2017) Fruit defence syndromes: the independent evolution of mechanical and chemical
defences. Evol Ecol 31:913–923
17. Unsicker SB, Kunert G, Gershenzon J (2009) Protective perfumes: the role of vegetative
volatiles in plant defense against herbivores. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12:479–485
18. Schwab W, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Lewinsohn E (2008) Biosynthesis of plant-derived flavor
compounds. Plant J 54:712–732
19. Goff SA, Klee HJ (2006) Plant volatile compounds: sensory cues for health and nutritional
value? Science 311:815–819
20. Valenta K, Nevo O, Martel C, Chapman CA (2017) Plant attractants: integrating insights from
pollination and seed dispersal ecology. Evol Ecol 31:249–267
21. Fischer KE, Chapman CA (1993) Frugivores and fruit syndromes: differences in patterns at the
genus and species level. Oikos 66:472–482
22. Jordano P (1995) Angiosperm fleshy fruits and seed dispersers: a comparative analysis of
adaptation and constraints in plant-animal interactions. Am Nat 145:163–191
23. Schaefer HM, Ruxton GD (2011) Animal-plant communication. Oxford University Press,
Oxford
24. Lomáscolo SB, Schaefer HM (2010) Signal convergence in fruits: a result of selection by
frugivores? J Evol Biol 23:614–624
17 Fruit Scent: Biochemistry, Ecological Function, and Evolution
419
1. Crozier A, Yokota T, Jaganath IB, Marks SC, Saltmarsh M, Clifford MN (2006) Secondary
metabolites in fruits, vegetables, beverages and other plant based dietary components.
In: Crozier A, Clifford MN, Ashihara H (eds) Plant secondary metabolites. Blackwell, Oxford,
UK, pp 208–302
2. Cipollini ML, Levey DJ (1997) Secondary metabolites of fleshy vertebrate-dispersed fruits:
adaptive hypotheses and implications for seed dispersal. Am Nat 150:346–372
3. Cipollini ML (2000) Secondary metabolites of vertebrate-dispersed fruits: evidence for
adaptive functions. Rev Chil Hist Nat 73:421–440
4. Ehrlén J, Eriksson O (1993) Toxicity in fleshy fruits: a non-adaptive trait? Oikos 66:107–113
5. Eriksson O, Ehrlén J (1998) Secondary metabolites in fleshy fruits: are adaptive explanations
needed? Am Nat 152:905–907
6. Cipollini ML, Paulk E, Mink K, Vaughn K, Fischer T (2004) Defense tradeoffs in fleshy fruits:
effects of resource variation on growth, reproduction, and fruit secondary chemistry in
Solanum carolinense. J Chem Ecol 30:1–17
7. Whitehead SR, Bowers MD (2013) Evidence for the adaptive significance of secondary
compounds in vertebrate-dispersed fruits. Am Nat 182:563–577
8. Whitehead SR, Bowers MD (2014) Chemical ecology of fruit defence: synergistic and
antagonistic interactions among amides from piper. Funct Ecol 28:1094–1106
9. Whitehead SR, Obando Quesada MF, Bowers MD (2015) Chemical tradeoffs in seed
dispersal: defensive metabolites in fruits deter consumption by mutualist bats.
Oikos 125:927–937
10. Whitehead SR, Tiramani J, Bowers MD (2015) Iridoid glycosides from fruits reduce the
growth of fungi associated with fruit rot. J Plant Ecol 9:357–366
11. Izhaki I (2002) Emodin – a secondary metabolite with multiple ecological functions in higher
plants. New Phytol 155:205–217
12. Bennett RN, Wallsgrove RM (1994) Secondary metabolites in plant defence mechanisms.
New Phytol 127:617–633
13. Farmer EE (2014) Leaf defence. Oxford University Press, Oxford
14. Rodríguez A, Alquézar B, Peña L (2013) Fruit aromas in mature fleshy fruits as signals of
readiness for predation and seed dispersal. New Phytol 197:36–48
15. Nevo O, Valenta K (2018) The ecology and evolution of fruit odor: implications for primate
seed dispersal. Int J Primatol 39:338–355
16. Nevo O, Valenta K, Tevlin AG, Omeja P, Styler SA, Jackson DJ, Chapman CA, Ayasse M
(2017) Fruit defence syndromes: the independent evolution of mechanical and chemical
defences. Evol Ecol 31:913–923
17. Unsicker SB, Kunert G, Gershenzon J (2009) Protective perfumes: the role of vegetative
volatiles in plant defense against herbivores. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12:479–485
18. Schwab W, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Lewinsohn E (2008) Biosynthesis of plant-derived flavor
compounds. Plant J 54:712–732
19. Goff SA, Klee HJ (2006) Plant volatile compounds: sensory cues for health and nutritional
value? Science 311:815–819
20. Valenta K, Nevo O, Martel C, Chapman CA (2017) Plant attractants: integrating insights from
pollination and seed dispersal ecology. Evol Ecol 31:249–267
21. Fischer KE, Chapman CA (1993) Frugivores and fruit syndromes: differences in patterns at the
genus and species level. Oikos 66:472–482
22. Jordano P (1995) Angiosperm fleshy fruits and seed dispersers: a comparative analysis of
adaptation and constraints in plant-animal interactions. Am Nat 145:163–191
23. Schaefer HM, Ruxton GD (2011) Animal-plant communication. Oxford University Press,
Oxford
24. Lomáscolo SB, Schaefer HM (2010) Signal convergence in fruits: a result of selection by
frugivores? J Evol Biol 23:614–624
17 Fruit Scent: Biochemistry, Ecological Function, and Evolution
419