downstream signaling cascade and release of volatiles like dodecenal, tetradecane,
etc., which attract the parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae [14].
β-glucosidases are compartmentalized away from the inactive, glucosidically
bound volatiles i.e., glucosinolates [15]. Upon insect feeding, mixing of these two
elements results in β-glucosidase action and release of volatiles – isothiocyanate,
thiocyanates, and nitriles [8, 15, 16]. This elicitor is not directly involved in ligandreceptor binding and indirectly induces plant defense [10]. However, the exact mode
of action of β-glucosidase is yet unknown.
Furthermore, glucose oxidase (GOX) discerned in the saliva of Helicoverpa zea,
led to the production of high levels of JA in Solanum lycopersicum and outburst of
Salicylic acid (SA) in Nicotiana attenuate [10, 17]. GOX is an enzyme catalyzing
Table 1 List of different elicitor molecules and its insect source
Class
Elicitor
Insect
Reference
A Oral secretions
1. Enzymes β-glucosidase
Pieris brassicae
[12]
Glucose oxidase
Helicoverpa zea, H. armigera,
H. assulta, Ostrinia nubilalis
[17, 134,
135]
Lipase
Schistocerca gregaria
[23]
Alkaline phosphatase
Bemisia tabaci
[26]
2. FACs
hydroxylinoleoyl)-Lglutamine]
Spodoptera exigua
Teleogryllus taiwanemma and
T. emma
Drosophila melanogaster
Menduca sexta
[136, 137]
N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine
and N-linoleoyl-Lglutamine
S. exigua, M. sexta, T.
taiwanemma, T. emma, D.
melanogaster, B. triannulella
[30, 31,
137]
Fatty acid glutamine and
glutamic acid conjugates
(C14-C18)
S. exigua, S. frugiperda, S.
litoralis, Heliothis virescens,
Epirrita autumnata,
Operophtera, Chloroclysta
truncata
[138]
Dihydroxylinoleoyl)glutamine and N-(15,16epoxylinoleoyl)-glutamine
S. frugiperda, S. exigua
[139]
Phosphorylated derivative of
N-acyl glutamine
S. exigua
[8]
3. Peptides
Inceptin
S. frugiperda
[38]
4. Fatty
acids
Caeliferins
Schistocerca americana
[41]
B
Oviposition secretions
5. Esters
Burchins
Bruchus pisorum
Callosobruchus maculatus
[140]
6. Benzyl
cyanide
Benzyl cyanide
P. brassicae
[42]
2 Plant-Insect Interaction: The Saga of Molecular Coevolution
23
etc., which attract the parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae [14].
β-glucosidases are compartmentalized away from the inactive, glucosidically
bound volatiles i.e., glucosinolates [15]. Upon insect feeding, mixing of these two
elements results in β-glucosidase action and release of volatiles – isothiocyanate,
thiocyanates, and nitriles [8, 15, 16]. This elicitor is not directly involved in ligandreceptor binding and indirectly induces plant defense [10]. However, the exact mode
of action of β-glucosidase is yet unknown.
Furthermore, glucose oxidase (GOX) discerned in the saliva of Helicoverpa zea,
led to the production of high levels of JA in Solanum lycopersicum and outburst of
Salicylic acid (SA) in Nicotiana attenuate [10, 17]. GOX is an enzyme catalyzing
Table 1 List of different elicitor molecules and its insect source
Class
Elicitor
Insect
Reference
A Oral secretions
1. Enzymes β-glucosidase
Pieris brassicae
[12]
Glucose oxidase
Helicoverpa zea, H. armigera,
H. assulta, Ostrinia nubilalis
[17, 134,
135]
Lipase
Schistocerca gregaria
[23]
Alkaline phosphatase
Bemisia tabaci
[26]
2. FACs
hydroxylinoleoyl)-Lglutamine]
Spodoptera exigua
Teleogryllus taiwanemma and
T. emma
Drosophila melanogaster
Menduca sexta
[136, 137]
N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine
and N-linoleoyl-Lglutamine
S. exigua, M. sexta, T.
taiwanemma, T. emma, D.
melanogaster, B. triannulella
[30, 31,
137]
Fatty acid glutamine and
glutamic acid conjugates
(C14-C18)
S. exigua, S. frugiperda, S.
litoralis, Heliothis virescens,
Epirrita autumnata,
Operophtera, Chloroclysta
truncata
[138]
Dihydroxylinoleoyl)glutamine and N-(15,16epoxylinoleoyl)-glutamine
S. frugiperda, S. exigua
[139]
Phosphorylated derivative of
N-acyl glutamine
S. exigua
[8]
3. Peptides
Inceptin
S. frugiperda
[38]
4. Fatty
acids
Caeliferins
Schistocerca americana
[41]
B
Oviposition secretions
5. Esters
Burchins
Bruchus pisorum
Callosobruchus maculatus
[140]
6. Benzyl
cyanide
Benzyl cyanide
P. brassicae
[42]
2 Plant-Insect Interaction: The Saga of Molecular Coevolution
23