90. Feeny P (1970) Seasonal changes in oak leaf tannins and nutrients as a cause of spring feeding
by winter moth caterpillars. Ecology 51:565–581
91. Covelo F, Gallardo A (2001) Temporal variation in total leaf phenolics concentration of
Quercus robur in forested and harvested stands in northwestern Spain. Can J Bot 79:
1262–1269
92. Mauffette Y, Oechel WC (1989) Seasonal variation in leaf chemistry of the coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia and implications for the California oak moth Phryganidia californica.
Oecologia 79:439–445
93. Passarinho JA, Lamosa P, Baeta JP, Santos H, Ricardo CP (2006) Annual changes in the
concentration of minerals and organic compounds of Quercus suber leaves. Physiol Plant
127:100–110
94. Riipi M, Ossipov V, Lempa K, Haukioja E, Koricheva J, Ossipova S, Pihlaja K (2002)
Seasonal changes in birch leaf chemistry: are there trade-offs between leaf growth and
accumulation of phenolics. Oecologia 130:380–390
95. Barbehenn RV, Kapila M, Kileen S, Nusbaum CP (2017) Acquiring nutrients from tree leaves:
effects of leaf maturity and development type on a generalist caterpillar. Oecologia 184:59–73
96. Schultz JC, Nothnagle PJ, Baldwin IT (1982) Seasonal and individual variation in leaf quality
of two northern hardwoods tree species. Am J Bot 69:753–759
97. Murakami M (1998) Foraging habitat shift in the narcissus flycatcher, Ficedulanarcissina, due
to the response of herbivorous insects to the strengthening defenses of canopy trees. Ecol Res
13:73–82
98. Martinez KA, Fridley JD (2018) Acclimation of leaf traits in seasonal light environments: are
non-native species more plastic? J Ecol 106:2019–2030
99. Chapin FS, Kedrowski RA (1983) Seasonal changes in nitrogen and phosphorus fractions and
autumn retranslocation in evergreen and deciduous taiga trees. Ecology 64:376–391
100. Meyer GA, Montgomery ME (1987) Relationships between leaf age and the food quality of
cottonwood foliage for the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Oecologia 72:527–532
101. Meng LZ, Martin K, Liu JX, Chen J (2012) Young leaf protection in the shrub Leea glabra
in south-West China: the role of extrafloral nectaries and ants. Arthropod Plant Interact
6:59–65
102. Baldwin IT, Schultz JC, Ward D (1987) Patterns and sources of leaf tannin variation in yellow
birch (Betula alleghaniensis) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum). J Chem Ecol 13:1069–1078
103. Salminen JP, Roslin T, Karonen M, Sinkkonen J, Pihlaja K, Pulkkinen P (2004) Seasonal
variation in the content of hydrolyzable tannins, flavonoid glycosides, and proanthocyanidins
in oak leaves. J Chem Ecol 30:1693–1711
104. Iqbal S, Bhanger MI (2006) Effect of season and production location on antioxidant activity of
Moringa oleifera leaves grown in Pakistan. J Food Compos Anal 19:544–551
105. Pirvu L, Grigore A, Bubueanu C, Draghici E (2013) Comparative analytical and antioxidant
activity studies on a series of Fagus sylvatica L. leaves extracts. JPC J Planar ChromatogrMod TLC 26:237–242
106. Sati P, Pandey A, Rawat S, Rani A (2013) Phytochemicals and antioxidants in leaf extracts of
Ginkgo biloba with reference to location, seasonal variation and solvent system. J Pharm Res
7:804–809
107. Feeny PP, Bostock H (1968) Seasonal changes in the tannin content of oak leaves.
Phytochemistry 7:871–880
108. Forkner RE, Marquis RJ, Lill JT (2004) Feeny revisited: condensed tannins as anti-herbivore
defences in leaf-chewing herbivore communities of Quercus. Ecol Entomol 29:174–187
109. Vagiri M, Conner S, Stewart D, Andersson SC, Verrall S, Johansson E, Rumpunen K (2015)
Phenolic compounds in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves relative to leaf position and
harvest date. Food Chem 172:135–142
110. Mert C, Barut E, İpek A (2013) Quantitative seasonal changes in the leaf phenolic content
related to the alternate-bearing patterns of olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Gemlik). J Agric Sci
Technol 15:995–1006
15 Tree-Leaf Chemicals and Feeding Behavior of Arboreal Mammals in Seasonal. . .
375
by winter moth caterpillars. Ecology 51:565–581
91. Covelo F, Gallardo A (2001) Temporal variation in total leaf phenolics concentration of
Quercus robur in forested and harvested stands in northwestern Spain. Can J Bot 79:
1262–1269
92. Mauffette Y, Oechel WC (1989) Seasonal variation in leaf chemistry of the coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia and implications for the California oak moth Phryganidia californica.
Oecologia 79:439–445
93. Passarinho JA, Lamosa P, Baeta JP, Santos H, Ricardo CP (2006) Annual changes in the
concentration of minerals and organic compounds of Quercus suber leaves. Physiol Plant
127:100–110
94. Riipi M, Ossipov V, Lempa K, Haukioja E, Koricheva J, Ossipova S, Pihlaja K (2002)
Seasonal changes in birch leaf chemistry: are there trade-offs between leaf growth and
accumulation of phenolics. Oecologia 130:380–390
95. Barbehenn RV, Kapila M, Kileen S, Nusbaum CP (2017) Acquiring nutrients from tree leaves:
effects of leaf maturity and development type on a generalist caterpillar. Oecologia 184:59–73
96. Schultz JC, Nothnagle PJ, Baldwin IT (1982) Seasonal and individual variation in leaf quality
of two northern hardwoods tree species. Am J Bot 69:753–759
97. Murakami M (1998) Foraging habitat shift in the narcissus flycatcher, Ficedulanarcissina, due
to the response of herbivorous insects to the strengthening defenses of canopy trees. Ecol Res
13:73–82
98. Martinez KA, Fridley JD (2018) Acclimation of leaf traits in seasonal light environments: are
non-native species more plastic? J Ecol 106:2019–2030
99. Chapin FS, Kedrowski RA (1983) Seasonal changes in nitrogen and phosphorus fractions and
autumn retranslocation in evergreen and deciduous taiga trees. Ecology 64:376–391
100. Meyer GA, Montgomery ME (1987) Relationships between leaf age and the food quality of
cottonwood foliage for the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Oecologia 72:527–532
101. Meng LZ, Martin K, Liu JX, Chen J (2012) Young leaf protection in the shrub Leea glabra
in south-West China: the role of extrafloral nectaries and ants. Arthropod Plant Interact
6:59–65
102. Baldwin IT, Schultz JC, Ward D (1987) Patterns and sources of leaf tannin variation in yellow
birch (Betula alleghaniensis) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum). J Chem Ecol 13:1069–1078
103. Salminen JP, Roslin T, Karonen M, Sinkkonen J, Pihlaja K, Pulkkinen P (2004) Seasonal
variation in the content of hydrolyzable tannins, flavonoid glycosides, and proanthocyanidins
in oak leaves. J Chem Ecol 30:1693–1711
104. Iqbal S, Bhanger MI (2006) Effect of season and production location on antioxidant activity of
Moringa oleifera leaves grown in Pakistan. J Food Compos Anal 19:544–551
105. Pirvu L, Grigore A, Bubueanu C, Draghici E (2013) Comparative analytical and antioxidant
activity studies on a series of Fagus sylvatica L. leaves extracts. JPC J Planar ChromatogrMod TLC 26:237–242
106. Sati P, Pandey A, Rawat S, Rani A (2013) Phytochemicals and antioxidants in leaf extracts of
Ginkgo biloba with reference to location, seasonal variation and solvent system. J Pharm Res
7:804–809
107. Feeny PP, Bostock H (1968) Seasonal changes in the tannin content of oak leaves.
Phytochemistry 7:871–880
108. Forkner RE, Marquis RJ, Lill JT (2004) Feeny revisited: condensed tannins as anti-herbivore
defences in leaf-chewing herbivore communities of Quercus. Ecol Entomol 29:174–187
109. Vagiri M, Conner S, Stewart D, Andersson SC, Verrall S, Johansson E, Rumpunen K (2015)
Phenolic compounds in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves relative to leaf position and
harvest date. Food Chem 172:135–142
110. Mert C, Barut E, İpek A (2013) Quantitative seasonal changes in the leaf phenolic content
related to the alternate-bearing patterns of olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Gemlik). J Agric Sci
Technol 15:995–1006
15 Tree-Leaf Chemicals and Feeding Behavior of Arboreal Mammals in Seasonal. . .
375