133. Alesandrini F, Mathis R, Van de Sype G, Herouart D, Puppo A (2003) Possible roles for
a cysteine protease and hydrogen peroxide in soybean nodule development and senescence.
New Phytol 158:131–138. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469–8137.2003.00720.x
134. Marwa EM, Meharg AA, Rice CM (2012) Risk assessment of potentially toxic elements
in agricultural soils and maize tissues from selected districts in Tanzania. Sci Total Environ
416:180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.089
135. Uddin MK (2017) A review on the adsorption of heavy metals by clay minerals, with special
focus on the past decade. Chem Eng J 308:438–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.09.029
136. Lu K, Yang X, Gielen G, Bolan N, Ok YS, Niazi NK, Xu S, Yuan G, Chen X, Zhang X, Liu D,
Song Z, Liu X, Wang H (2017) Effect of bamboo and rice straw biochars on the mobility and
redistribution of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in contaminated soil. J Environ Manag
186:285–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman
137. Maheswari M, Yadav SK, Shanker AK, Kumar MA, Venkateswarlu B (2012) Overview of
plant stresses: mechanisms, adaptations and research pursuit. In: Venkateswarlu B,
Shanker AK, Shanker C, Maheswari M (eds) Crop stress and its management: perspectives
and strategies. Springer, Dordrecht
138. Khan A, Khan S, Khan MA, Qamar Z, Waqas M (2015) The uptake and bioaccumulation
of heavy metals by food plants, their effects on plants nutrients, and associated health risk: a:
review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22:13772–13799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4881-01
139. Ahmed W, Ahmad M, Rauf A, Shah F, Khan S, Kamal S, Shah S, Khan A (2015) Evaluations
of some trace metal levels from the leaves of Salix nigra in Hayatabad industrial estate
Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Amer J Biomed Life Sci 3:21–24. https://doi.org/
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.13
140. Bibi M, Hussain M (2005) Effect of copper and lead on photosynthesis and plant pigments in
black gram Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 74:1126–1133
141. Ma J, Lv C, Xu M, Chen G, Lv C, Gao Z (2016) Photosynthesis performance, antioxidant
enzymes and ultrastructural analyses of rice seedlings under chromium stress. Environ Sci
Pollut Res Int 23:1768–1778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5439-x
142. Xue Z, Gao H, Zhao S (2014) Effects of cadmium on the photosynthetic activity in mature and
young leaves of soybean plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21:4656–4664. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s11356-013-2433-z
143. Maiti S, Ghosh N, Mandal C, Das K, Dey N, Adak MK (2012) Responses of the maize plant to
chromium stress with reference to antioxidation activity. Braz J Plant Physiol 24:203–212.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202012000300007
144. Rai V, Vajpayee P, Singh SN, Mehrotra S (2004) Effect of chromium accumulation on
photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress defense system, nitrate reduction, proline level and
eugenol content of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Plant Sci 167:1159–1169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
plantsci.2004.06.016
145. Dixit V, Pandey V, Shyam R (2002) Chromium ions inactivate electron transport and enhance
superoxide generation in vivo in pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Azad) root mitochondria. Plant Cell
Environ 25:687–693. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00843.x
146. Panda SK, Choudhury S (2005) Chromium stress in plants. Braz J Plant Physiol 17:95–102
147. Zou J, Yu K, Zhang Z, Jiang W, Liu D (2009) Antioxidant response system and chlorophyll
fluorescence in chromium (VI)-treated Zea mays L. seedlings. Acta Biol Cracov Ser Bot
51:23–33
148. Barton LL, Johnson GV, O'Nan AG, Wagener BM (2000) Inhibition of ferric chelate reductase
in alfalfa roots by cobalt, nickel, chromium, and copper. J Plant Nutr 23:1833–1845. https://
doi.org/10.1080/01904160009382146
149. Singh HP, Mahajan P, Kaur S, Batish DR, Kohli RK (2013) Chromium toxicity and tolerance
in plants. Environ Chem Lett 11:229–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0407-5
150. Yadav SK (2010) Heavy metals toxicity in plants: an overview on the role of glutathione and
phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. S Afr J Bot 76:167–179. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.sajb.2009.10.007
13 Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis: Secondary Metabolites, Free Radical Processes. . .
321
a cysteine protease and hydrogen peroxide in soybean nodule development and senescence.
New Phytol 158:131–138. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469–8137.2003.00720.x
134. Marwa EM, Meharg AA, Rice CM (2012) Risk assessment of potentially toxic elements
in agricultural soils and maize tissues from selected districts in Tanzania. Sci Total Environ
416:180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.089
135. Uddin MK (2017) A review on the adsorption of heavy metals by clay minerals, with special
focus on the past decade. Chem Eng J 308:438–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.09.029
136. Lu K, Yang X, Gielen G, Bolan N, Ok YS, Niazi NK, Xu S, Yuan G, Chen X, Zhang X, Liu D,
Song Z, Liu X, Wang H (2017) Effect of bamboo and rice straw biochars on the mobility and
redistribution of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in contaminated soil. J Environ Manag
186:285–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman
137. Maheswari M, Yadav SK, Shanker AK, Kumar MA, Venkateswarlu B (2012) Overview of
plant stresses: mechanisms, adaptations and research pursuit. In: Venkateswarlu B,
Shanker AK, Shanker C, Maheswari M (eds) Crop stress and its management: perspectives
and strategies. Springer, Dordrecht
138. Khan A, Khan S, Khan MA, Qamar Z, Waqas M (2015) The uptake and bioaccumulation
of heavy metals by food plants, their effects on plants nutrients, and associated health risk: a:
review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22:13772–13799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4881-01
139. Ahmed W, Ahmad M, Rauf A, Shah F, Khan S, Kamal S, Shah S, Khan A (2015) Evaluations
of some trace metal levels from the leaves of Salix nigra in Hayatabad industrial estate
Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Amer J Biomed Life Sci 3:21–24. https://doi.org/
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.13
140. Bibi M, Hussain M (2005) Effect of copper and lead on photosynthesis and plant pigments in
black gram Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 74:1126–1133
141. Ma J, Lv C, Xu M, Chen G, Lv C, Gao Z (2016) Photosynthesis performance, antioxidant
enzymes and ultrastructural analyses of rice seedlings under chromium stress. Environ Sci
Pollut Res Int 23:1768–1778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5439-x
142. Xue Z, Gao H, Zhao S (2014) Effects of cadmium on the photosynthetic activity in mature and
young leaves of soybean plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21:4656–4664. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s11356-013-2433-z
143. Maiti S, Ghosh N, Mandal C, Das K, Dey N, Adak MK (2012) Responses of the maize plant to
chromium stress with reference to antioxidation activity. Braz J Plant Physiol 24:203–212.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202012000300007
144. Rai V, Vajpayee P, Singh SN, Mehrotra S (2004) Effect of chromium accumulation on
photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress defense system, nitrate reduction, proline level and
eugenol content of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Plant Sci 167:1159–1169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
plantsci.2004.06.016
145. Dixit V, Pandey V, Shyam R (2002) Chromium ions inactivate electron transport and enhance
superoxide generation in vivo in pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Azad) root mitochondria. Plant Cell
Environ 25:687–693. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00843.x
146. Panda SK, Choudhury S (2005) Chromium stress in plants. Braz J Plant Physiol 17:95–102
147. Zou J, Yu K, Zhang Z, Jiang W, Liu D (2009) Antioxidant response system and chlorophyll
fluorescence in chromium (VI)-treated Zea mays L. seedlings. Acta Biol Cracov Ser Bot
51:23–33
148. Barton LL, Johnson GV, O'Nan AG, Wagener BM (2000) Inhibition of ferric chelate reductase
in alfalfa roots by cobalt, nickel, chromium, and copper. J Plant Nutr 23:1833–1845. https://
doi.org/10.1080/01904160009382146
149. Singh HP, Mahajan P, Kaur S, Batish DR, Kohli RK (2013) Chromium toxicity and tolerance
in plants. Environ Chem Lett 11:229–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0407-5
150. Yadav SK (2010) Heavy metals toxicity in plants: an overview on the role of glutathione and
phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. S Afr J Bot 76:167–179. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.sajb.2009.10.007
13 Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis: Secondary Metabolites, Free Radical Processes. . .
321