Variation in Leaf-Surface and Leaf-Tissue
Secondary Metabolites: Pyrrolizidine
Alkaloids
11
Dandan Cheng
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
2 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
3 Leaf-Tissue PA Variation in the Jacobaea and Senecio Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
3.1 Interspecies Variation . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 252
3.2 Intraspecies Variation . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 253
3.3 Intraplant Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
3.4 Genetic Control and Environmental Influence on PA Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
4 Leaf-Surface PA Variations of the Jacobaea and Jacobaea Hybrid Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
4.1 Total Concentration of the Leaf-Surface PAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
4.2 Composition of the Leaf-Surface PAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
5 Correlation Between Leaf-Surface and Leaf-Tissue PAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) represent a class of typical SMs, which are
constitutively formed in plants containing them and mediating plant-herbivore
interactions. More than 400 PAs have been identified from approximately 6000
angiosperm species. Great diversity of PAs was found in many plants, especially
in Jacobaea and Senecio plants. Leaf-tissue PA variation was found between
plant species, individual plants of the same species, and even among different
organs within one plant. This variation was determined by genetics, but also
influenced by environmental factors. A few studies have been conducted to
investigate the leaf-surface PA variations. According to the previous work on
J. vulgaris plants and the Jacobaea hybrid plants, leaf-surface and leaf-tissue
D. Cheng (*)
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences
(Wuhan), Wuhan, China
e-mail: dandan.cheng@cug.edu.cn
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
J.-M. Mérillon, K. G. Ramawat (eds.), Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites,
Reference Series in Phytochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_5
249
Secondary Metabolites: Pyrrolizidine
Alkaloids
11
Dandan Cheng
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
2 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
3 Leaf-Tissue PA Variation in the Jacobaea and Senecio Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
3.1 Interspecies Variation . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 252
3.2 Intraspecies Variation . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 253
3.3 Intraplant Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
3.4 Genetic Control and Environmental Influence on PA Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
4 Leaf-Surface PA Variations of the Jacobaea and Jacobaea Hybrid Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
4.1 Total Concentration of the Leaf-Surface PAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
4.2 Composition of the Leaf-Surface PAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
5 Correlation Between Leaf-Surface and Leaf-Tissue PAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) represent a class of typical SMs, which are
constitutively formed in plants containing them and mediating plant-herbivore
interactions. More than 400 PAs have been identified from approximately 6000
angiosperm species. Great diversity of PAs was found in many plants, especially
in Jacobaea and Senecio plants. Leaf-tissue PA variation was found between
plant species, individual plants of the same species, and even among different
organs within one plant. This variation was determined by genetics, but also
influenced by environmental factors. A few studies have been conducted to
investigate the leaf-surface PA variations. According to the previous work on
J. vulgaris plants and the Jacobaea hybrid plants, leaf-surface and leaf-tissue
D. Cheng (*)
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences
(Wuhan), Wuhan, China
e-mail: dandan.cheng@cug.edu.cn
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
J.-M. Mérillon, K. G. Ramawat (eds.), Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites,
Reference Series in Phytochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_5
249