potential. Springer International Publishing, Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht
London, pp. 81–104
7. Larson DW (1987) The absorption and release of water by lichens. Bibl Lichenologica
25:351–360
8. Nash TH (2008) Lichen biology, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
9. Spribille T, Tuovinen V, Resl P, Vanderpool D, Wolinski H, Aime MC, Schneider K,
Stabentheiner E, Toome-Heller M, Thor G, Mayrhofer H, Johannesson H, McCutcheon JP
(2016) Basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of ascomycete macrolichens. Science 353:488–492
10. Yuan X, Xiao S, Taylor TN (2005) Lichen-like symbiosis 600 million years ago. Science
308:1017–1020
11. Gargas A, DePriest PT, Grube M, Tehler A (1995) Multiple origins of lichen symbiosis in
fungi suggested by SSU rDNA phylogeny. Science 268:1492–1495
12. Lutzoni F, Pagel M, Reeb V (2001) Major fungal lineages are derived from lichen symbiotic
ancestors. Nature 411:937–940
13. Palice Z, Halda JP (2005) Neviditelný svět mikrolišejníků. Živa 2:57–59
14. Aschenbrenner IA, Cernava T, Berg G, Grube M (2016) Understanding microbial multispecies symbioses. Front Microbiol 7:180
15. Honegger R (1991) Functional aspects of the lichens symbiosis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol
42:553–578
16. Gilbert OL (2000) Lichens. Harper Collins Publishers, London
17. Purvis OW, Pawlik-Skowrońska B (2008) Lichens and metals. Br Mycol Symp 27:175–200
18. Tschermak-Woess E (1988) The algal partner. In: Galun M (ed) CRC handbook of lichenology. CRC Press, Boca Raton
19. Büdel B (1992) Taxonomy of lichenized procaryotic blue-green algae. In: Reisser W
(ed) Algae and symbioses. Biopress Limited, Bristol
20. Bold H, Wynne MJ (1958) Introduction to the algae and reproduction. Englewood Cliffs,
Prentice Hall
21. Van de Hoek C, Mann DG, Jahns HM (1993) Algen. Einfühtung in die Phykologie. Thieme,
Stuttgart
22. Hawksworth DL (1988) The variety of fungal-algal symbioses, their evolutionary significance,
and the nature of lichens. Bot J Linn Soc 96:3–20
23. Margulis L, Fester R (1991) Symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation: speciasion and
morphogenesis. MIT Press, Cambridge
24. Jahns HM (1988) The lichen thallus. In: Galun M (ed) CRC handbook of lichenology. CRC
Press, Boca Raton
25. Büdel B, Scheidegger C (2008) Thallus morphology and anatomy. In: Nash TH (ed) Lichen
biology, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
26. Bačkor M (2011) Lichens and heavy metals: toxicity and tolerance. Pavol Jozef Šafárik
University in Košice, Košice
27. Mitrović T, Stamenković S, Cvetković V, Tošić S, Stanković M, Radojević I, Stefanović O,
Comić L, Dačić D, Curčić M, Marković S (2011) Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of five lichen species. Int J Mol Sci 12:5428–5448
28. Lawrey JD (1986) Biological role of lichen substances. Bryologist 89:111–122
29. Huneck S, Yoshimura I (1996) Identification of lichen substances. Springer, Berlin
30. Fahselt D (1994) Carbon metabolism in lichens. Symbiosis 17:127–182
31. Hale ME (1983) The biology of lichens, 3rd edn. Edward Arnold, London
32. Culberson WL (1970) Chemosystematics and ecology of lichen-forming fungi. Annu Rev
Ecol Syst 1:153–170
33. Galun M, Shomer-Ilan A (1988) Secondary metabolic products. In: Galun M (ed) CRC
handbook of lichenology. CRC Press, Boca Raton
34. Stocker-Wörgötter E (2008) Metabolic diversity of lichen-forming ascomycetous fungi: culturing polyketide and shikimate metabolite production and PKS genes. Nat Prod Rep 25:188–200
35. Solhaug KA, Lind M, Nybakken L, Gauslaa Y (2009) Possible functional roles of cortical
depsides and medullary depsidones in the foliose lichen Hypogymnia physodes. Flora 204:40–48
9 Lichen Metabolites: An Overview of Some Secondary Metabolites and Their. . .
205
London, pp. 81–104
7. Larson DW (1987) The absorption and release of water by lichens. Bibl Lichenologica
25:351–360
8. Nash TH (2008) Lichen biology, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
9. Spribille T, Tuovinen V, Resl P, Vanderpool D, Wolinski H, Aime MC, Schneider K,
Stabentheiner E, Toome-Heller M, Thor G, Mayrhofer H, Johannesson H, McCutcheon JP
(2016) Basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of ascomycete macrolichens. Science 353:488–492
10. Yuan X, Xiao S, Taylor TN (2005) Lichen-like symbiosis 600 million years ago. Science
308:1017–1020
11. Gargas A, DePriest PT, Grube M, Tehler A (1995) Multiple origins of lichen symbiosis in
fungi suggested by SSU rDNA phylogeny. Science 268:1492–1495
12. Lutzoni F, Pagel M, Reeb V (2001) Major fungal lineages are derived from lichen symbiotic
ancestors. Nature 411:937–940
13. Palice Z, Halda JP (2005) Neviditelný svět mikrolišejníků. Živa 2:57–59
14. Aschenbrenner IA, Cernava T, Berg G, Grube M (2016) Understanding microbial multispecies symbioses. Front Microbiol 7:180
15. Honegger R (1991) Functional aspects of the lichens symbiosis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol
42:553–578
16. Gilbert OL (2000) Lichens. Harper Collins Publishers, London
17. Purvis OW, Pawlik-Skowrońska B (2008) Lichens and metals. Br Mycol Symp 27:175–200
18. Tschermak-Woess E (1988) The algal partner. In: Galun M (ed) CRC handbook of lichenology. CRC Press, Boca Raton
19. Büdel B (1992) Taxonomy of lichenized procaryotic blue-green algae. In: Reisser W
(ed) Algae and symbioses. Biopress Limited, Bristol
20. Bold H, Wynne MJ (1958) Introduction to the algae and reproduction. Englewood Cliffs,
Prentice Hall
21. Van de Hoek C, Mann DG, Jahns HM (1993) Algen. Einfühtung in die Phykologie. Thieme,
Stuttgart
22. Hawksworth DL (1988) The variety of fungal-algal symbioses, their evolutionary significance,
and the nature of lichens. Bot J Linn Soc 96:3–20
23. Margulis L, Fester R (1991) Symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation: speciasion and
morphogenesis. MIT Press, Cambridge
24. Jahns HM (1988) The lichen thallus. In: Galun M (ed) CRC handbook of lichenology. CRC
Press, Boca Raton
25. Büdel B, Scheidegger C (2008) Thallus morphology and anatomy. In: Nash TH (ed) Lichen
biology, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
26. Bačkor M (2011) Lichens and heavy metals: toxicity and tolerance. Pavol Jozef Šafárik
University in Košice, Košice
27. Mitrović T, Stamenković S, Cvetković V, Tošić S, Stanković M, Radojević I, Stefanović O,
Comić L, Dačić D, Curčić M, Marković S (2011) Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of five lichen species. Int J Mol Sci 12:5428–5448
28. Lawrey JD (1986) Biological role of lichen substances. Bryologist 89:111–122
29. Huneck S, Yoshimura I (1996) Identification of lichen substances. Springer, Berlin
30. Fahselt D (1994) Carbon metabolism in lichens. Symbiosis 17:127–182
31. Hale ME (1983) The biology of lichens, 3rd edn. Edward Arnold, London
32. Culberson WL (1970) Chemosystematics and ecology of lichen-forming fungi. Annu Rev
Ecol Syst 1:153–170
33. Galun M, Shomer-Ilan A (1988) Secondary metabolic products. In: Galun M (ed) CRC
handbook of lichenology. CRC Press, Boca Raton
34. Stocker-Wörgötter E (2008) Metabolic diversity of lichen-forming ascomycetous fungi: culturing polyketide and shikimate metabolite production and PKS genes. Nat Prod Rep 25:188–200
35. Solhaug KA, Lind M, Nybakken L, Gauslaa Y (2009) Possible functional roles of cortical
depsides and medullary depsidones in the foliose lichen Hypogymnia physodes. Flora 204:40–48
9 Lichen Metabolites: An Overview of Some Secondary Metabolites and Their. . .
205