422
K. Kubiak-Wójcicka et al.
5. In Poland, most numerous springs occur in mountainous and upland areas,
while the greatest spring discharges are reached in the part of the Tatras built of
carbonate rocks. Springs are objects of an exceptional scientific and landscape
value.
6. Distribution of available groundwater resources in the country and comparison with the groundwater exploitation is the background of proper, sustainable
management of its resources. Different types of mineral and thermal waters are
exploited in a number of Spas for therapeutic purposes, and thermal waters are
exploited for recreation and heating purposes.
7. Climate changes and the human impact on water relations make the features of
the river flow regime change. Rivers with similar changes in flow conditions,
except from those with transformation of water relations caused by human
activity, also represent similar geographical regions.
8. Two largest Polish rivers follow basically the same course from south to north as
they drain the surrounding regions. It is therefore clear that their flow seasonality
structure shows spatial differences. However, as the courses of both rivers are
similar, greater differences are observed along the rivers than between their
basins.
9. The minimum flows are characterized by low seasonality level which generally follows the degree of precipitation continentalism and catchment resources
capacity; the exception is the transit rivers Vistula and Oder where seasonality
index is almost stable along the whole course.
10. The evaluation of seasonal and multiannual variability, as well as analysis
of genetic relationships between selected estimators of hydrological drought,
provided new and valuable cognitive insights and made it possible to identify a
group of factors the determine drought development.
11. Flood marks have a particularly significant value for the study of historical
hydrology, as they allow the recreation of the height and range of floods that
occurred prior to the introduction of the systematic measurements of the water
levels conducted using special instrumentation.
12. Flood potential index is calculated using long term discharge measurements at
hydrological posts located at major rivers of Poland. Highest values of k index
represent Oder river mountain tributaries and upper Vistula tributaries. Lowest
values of k index are characteristic for the lowland rivers with a high percentage
of lakes and bogs in their catchments.
13. Proper development of land exposed to flood, conforming to planning documents, constitutes the imperative goal of flood risk management, and minimisation strategies in Poland. In the European Union countries there are expected
the best results in terms of simultaneous achievement of flood risk management
objectives and Framework Water Directive environmental goals.
14. From the point of view of flood prevention, buffer and strategic investments
are of great importance. Buffer investments mainly relate to the reconstruction
of old and construction of new flood embankments, engineering channels and
construction of flow regulating devices, strengthening of river banks, as well as
the construction of retention reservoirs and development of valley retention.
K. Kubiak-Wójcicka et al.
5. In Poland, most numerous springs occur in mountainous and upland areas,
while the greatest spring discharges are reached in the part of the Tatras built of
carbonate rocks. Springs are objects of an exceptional scientific and landscape
value.
6. Distribution of available groundwater resources in the country and comparison with the groundwater exploitation is the background of proper, sustainable
management of its resources. Different types of mineral and thermal waters are
exploited in a number of Spas for therapeutic purposes, and thermal waters are
exploited for recreation and heating purposes.
7. Climate changes and the human impact on water relations make the features of
the river flow regime change. Rivers with similar changes in flow conditions,
except from those with transformation of water relations caused by human
activity, also represent similar geographical regions.
8. Two largest Polish rivers follow basically the same course from south to north as
they drain the surrounding regions. It is therefore clear that their flow seasonality
structure shows spatial differences. However, as the courses of both rivers are
similar, greater differences are observed along the rivers than between their
basins.
9. The minimum flows are characterized by low seasonality level which generally follows the degree of precipitation continentalism and catchment resources
capacity; the exception is the transit rivers Vistula and Oder where seasonality
index is almost stable along the whole course.
10. The evaluation of seasonal and multiannual variability, as well as analysis
of genetic relationships between selected estimators of hydrological drought,
provided new and valuable cognitive insights and made it possible to identify a
group of factors the determine drought development.
11. Flood marks have a particularly significant value for the study of historical
hydrology, as they allow the recreation of the height and range of floods that
occurred prior to the introduction of the systematic measurements of the water
levels conducted using special instrumentation.
12. Flood potential index is calculated using long term discharge measurements at
hydrological posts located at major rivers of Poland. Highest values of k index
represent Oder river mountain tributaries and upper Vistula tributaries. Lowest
values of k index are characteristic for the lowland rivers with a high percentage
of lakes and bogs in their catchments.
13. Proper development of land exposed to flood, conforming to planning documents, constitutes the imperative goal of flood risk management, and minimisation strategies in Poland. In the European Union countries there are expected
the best results in terms of simultaneous achievement of flood risk management
objectives and Framework Water Directive environmental goals.
14. From the point of view of flood prevention, buffer and strategic investments
are of great importance. Buffer investments mainly relate to the reconstruction
of old and construction of new flood embankments, engineering channels and
construction of flow regulating devices, strengthening of river banks, as well as
the construction of retention reservoirs and development of valley retention.