1 Introduction to the “Management of Water Resources in Poland”
11
II and III). This sector of the economy requires not only significant expenditure from
the state budget, but also public acceptance of the scope of large-scale activities and
their impact on the environment. The lack of a forward-looking plan for the modernization of waterways and the construction of infrastructure developed in consultation
with various social groups only leads to the intensification of existing conflicts. It
seems to be of utmost importance in terms of the program for the development of
inland waterways in Poland should be the results of scientific research, which should
form the basis for shaping the transport policy of the country and the region when
developing strategic plans and making decisions about their implementation.
A separate problem raised in this part of the work concerns “The Effects of Plant
Irrigation in Poland”. The chapter discusses the importance of plant irrigation in
Poland. The production effects of the treatment have been characterized depending
on the weather, climate and soil factors. The results of irrigation of the main crops are
presented. Actions for the development of plant irrigation in Poland were indicated,
taking into account, among others, the economic aspect. Plant irrigation in Poland is
complementary. The effects of production depend to a large extent on soil conditions
and precipitation during the period of high water demand of plants. The production
and economic efficiency of agricultural crops condition the development of irrigation
systems, and thus the water consumption in this area.
In Poland, droughts are weather phenomena occurring quite often, but irregularly. Their occurrence in the period of high demand for water, e.g. cereal plants and
rapeseed (May–June) in the years 1981–2010 in Pomerania and Kujawy amounted to
23.3–30.0%. Therefore, irrigation of plants in this country is an emergency procedure
applicable to supplement periodic rainfall shortages in relation to the water demand
of plants. The authors developed prognostic formulas that determine the variability of
production effects during irrigation in a given area in subsequent growing seasons,
resulting from uneven rainfall. Currently, the development of irrigation in Poland
concerns primarily intensive production of vegetables and fruits on a large scale,
because irrigation profitability rates are much lower in the production of agricultural plants compared to horticultural plants. Growth prospects for plant irrigation
are determined by two main factors: economic efficiency and availability of water
sources.
The last chapter in this part of the work concerns “Power Plant Open Cooling
System in the Context of the Objectives of the Water Framework Directive”. It
discusses the problem of using water for cooling in conventional power plants in
the light of the application of the provisions of the Water Framework Directive and
Water Management Plans in River basin management plans (RBMPs) were first
developed in Poland in 2009 and were approved in 2011. The plans are a strategic
document that forms the basis for making decisions determining the state of water
resources, improving the process of achieving or maintaining good status of waters
and related ecosystems, and to determine the need for rational water management
principles in the future. For conventional coal or lignite power plants, the impact of
conventional power plants on surface waters is usually limited to an increase in their
temperature a few degrees Celsius. The authors point out that each case is different
and many aspects related to the aquatic environment should be considered. This
11
II and III). This sector of the economy requires not only significant expenditure from
the state budget, but also public acceptance of the scope of large-scale activities and
their impact on the environment. The lack of a forward-looking plan for the modernization of waterways and the construction of infrastructure developed in consultation
with various social groups only leads to the intensification of existing conflicts. It
seems to be of utmost importance in terms of the program for the development of
inland waterways in Poland should be the results of scientific research, which should
form the basis for shaping the transport policy of the country and the region when
developing strategic plans and making decisions about their implementation.
A separate problem raised in this part of the work concerns “The Effects of Plant
Irrigation in Poland”. The chapter discusses the importance of plant irrigation in
Poland. The production effects of the treatment have been characterized depending
on the weather, climate and soil factors. The results of irrigation of the main crops are
presented. Actions for the development of plant irrigation in Poland were indicated,
taking into account, among others, the economic aspect. Plant irrigation in Poland is
complementary. The effects of production depend to a large extent on soil conditions
and precipitation during the period of high water demand of plants. The production
and economic efficiency of agricultural crops condition the development of irrigation
systems, and thus the water consumption in this area.
In Poland, droughts are weather phenomena occurring quite often, but irregularly. Their occurrence in the period of high demand for water, e.g. cereal plants and
rapeseed (May–June) in the years 1981–2010 in Pomerania and Kujawy amounted to
23.3–30.0%. Therefore, irrigation of plants in this country is an emergency procedure
applicable to supplement periodic rainfall shortages in relation to the water demand
of plants. The authors developed prognostic formulas that determine the variability of
production effects during irrigation in a given area in subsequent growing seasons,
resulting from uneven rainfall. Currently, the development of irrigation in Poland
concerns primarily intensive production of vegetables and fruits on a large scale,
because irrigation profitability rates are much lower in the production of agricultural plants compared to horticultural plants. Growth prospects for plant irrigation
are determined by two main factors: economic efficiency and availability of water
sources.
The last chapter in this part of the work concerns “Power Plant Open Cooling
System in the Context of the Objectives of the Water Framework Directive”. It
discusses the problem of using water for cooling in conventional power plants in
the light of the application of the provisions of the Water Framework Directive and
Water Management Plans in River basin management plans (RBMPs) were first
developed in Poland in 2009 and were approved in 2011. The plans are a strategic
document that forms the basis for making decisions determining the state of water
resources, improving the process of achieving or maintaining good status of waters
and related ecosystems, and to determine the need for rational water management
principles in the future. For conventional coal or lignite power plants, the impact of
conventional power plants on surface waters is usually limited to an increase in their
temperature a few degrees Celsius. The authors point out that each case is different
and many aspects related to the aquatic environment should be considered. This