9 Flow Regime Patterns and Their Changes
165
Słupsk) and lowland (e.g. the Bug River at gauge Wyszków and the Vistula River
at gauge Korzeniewo). However, the most detailed typology of the river regimes in
Poland was presented by Dynowska [7]. When determining the type of river regime,
she took into account the following factors: the type and share of water supply
(groundwater, rain, snow), the nature of the flow variability based on the variability
of daily discharges and irregularity of monthly and annual average discharges, and
the time of occurrence of the highest discharge. She identified three main types of
hydrological regime: balanced, moderate and unbalanced, within which she distinguished 13 subtypes, depending on the number and periods of the occurrence of the
largest discharges and the prevailing type of water supply. A cartographic synthesis of
the river regime in Poland Dynowska [12] presented in the “Atlas of the Republic of
Poland.” Based on monthly flow rates, she distinguished five types of river regime:
three nival (snowy) – poorly, moderately, and well-formed, nival-pluvial (snowy–
rainy) and pluvial-nival (rainy-snowy). An interesting approach to the study on water
regime was proposed by Rotnicka [9] on the example of rivers in the Odra drainage
basin and the Przymorze catchments. In that approach, different from the previous
ones, river regime is understood as the type and time structure of river flows in the
normal hydrological cycle. Elements of this structure are the so-called hydrological
periods, which are a tool for studying the regime, and the basis for its characteristics.
On the basis of the number, types, and sequences of hydrological periods, Rotnicka
distinguished six main types of regimes of the studied rivers:
• the five-period regime, contrasting, with deep low-water stage in summer-autumn
and pronounced high-water stage in spring (in two variants, e.g. the Odra River
at gauge Miedonia, the Warta River at gauge Pozna´ n),
• the four-period regime, with average low-water stage in summer-autumn and
pronounced high-water stage in early spring (in two variants, e.g. the Odra River
at gauge Gozdowice, the Ner River at gauge D˛ abie),
• the three-period lowland regime, with average low-water stage in summer-autumn
and low high-water stage in late winter or early spring (e.g. the Gwda River at
gauge Piła), the three-period mountain and sub-montane with low low-water stage
in summer-autumn and pronounced high-water stage in spring (e.g. the Nysa
Kłodzka River at gauge Bystrzyca),
• the two-period regime, with low low-water stage in summer and low high-water
stage in winter-spring (e.g. the Pars˛ eta River at gauge Bardy),
• the single-period regime (e.g. the Kłodnica River at gauge Łany Małe).
9.2 Types of Regime
A detailed spatial analysis of the typology of features of the river flow regime in
Poland in accordance with the criteria proposed by Dynowska [12] in the “Atlas of
the Republic of Poland” was presented by Wrzesi´ nski [13], based on the course and
amount of monthly discharge rates (Pardé coefficients). In that work, the author used
165
Słupsk) and lowland (e.g. the Bug River at gauge Wyszków and the Vistula River
at gauge Korzeniewo). However, the most detailed typology of the river regimes in
Poland was presented by Dynowska [7]. When determining the type of river regime,
she took into account the following factors: the type and share of water supply
(groundwater, rain, snow), the nature of the flow variability based on the variability
of daily discharges and irregularity of monthly and annual average discharges, and
the time of occurrence of the highest discharge. She identified three main types of
hydrological regime: balanced, moderate and unbalanced, within which she distinguished 13 subtypes, depending on the number and periods of the occurrence of the
largest discharges and the prevailing type of water supply. A cartographic synthesis of
the river regime in Poland Dynowska [12] presented in the “Atlas of the Republic of
Poland.” Based on monthly flow rates, she distinguished five types of river regime:
three nival (snowy) – poorly, moderately, and well-formed, nival-pluvial (snowy–
rainy) and pluvial-nival (rainy-snowy). An interesting approach to the study on water
regime was proposed by Rotnicka [9] on the example of rivers in the Odra drainage
basin and the Przymorze catchments. In that approach, different from the previous
ones, river regime is understood as the type and time structure of river flows in the
normal hydrological cycle. Elements of this structure are the so-called hydrological
periods, which are a tool for studying the regime, and the basis for its characteristics.
On the basis of the number, types, and sequences of hydrological periods, Rotnicka
distinguished six main types of regimes of the studied rivers:
• the five-period regime, contrasting, with deep low-water stage in summer-autumn
and pronounced high-water stage in spring (in two variants, e.g. the Odra River
at gauge Miedonia, the Warta River at gauge Pozna´ n),
• the four-period regime, with average low-water stage in summer-autumn and
pronounced high-water stage in early spring (in two variants, e.g. the Odra River
at gauge Gozdowice, the Ner River at gauge D˛ abie),
• the three-period lowland regime, with average low-water stage in summer-autumn
and low high-water stage in late winter or early spring (e.g. the Gwda River at
gauge Piła), the three-period mountain and sub-montane with low low-water stage
in summer-autumn and pronounced high-water stage in spring (e.g. the Nysa
Kłodzka River at gauge Bystrzyca),
• the two-period regime, with low low-water stage in summer and low high-water
stage in winter-spring (e.g. the Pars˛ eta River at gauge Bardy),
• the single-period regime (e.g. the Kłodnica River at gauge Łany Małe).
9.2 Types of Regime
A detailed spatial analysis of the typology of features of the river flow regime in
Poland in accordance with the criteria proposed by Dynowska [12] in the “Atlas of
the Republic of Poland” was presented by Wrzesi´ nski [13], based on the course and
amount of monthly discharge rates (Pardé coefficients). In that work, the author used