8 Groundwater Resources of Poland
151
These waters are of the HCO 3 –Ca–Mg, (Fe), (F), (Rn) types. The highest concentrations of radon in healing waters have been identified in ´
Swieradów-Zdrój, where
they can reach the value of 3000 Bq/dm
3 .
The impact of carbonated waters can also be found in the vicinity of
Wałbrzych (Stare Bogaczowice, Szczawno-Zdrój, Jedlina-Zdrój) and the of Kłodzko
area (Kudowa, Polanica-Zdrój, Stary Wielisław, Duszniki-Zdrój, Szczawina or
Długopole-Zdrój). These are mainly waters of the HCO 3 –Ca, Mg or HCO 3 –Ca and
HCO 3 –Na–Ca types [13, 17]. These are primarily ferrous waters and occasionally
radon waters. Moreover, in Duszniki-Zdrój carbonated water, the temperature of
which reaches 36 °C has been extracted.
Thermal waters have been recognised as having healing properties in Cieplice
´
Sl˛ askie-Zdrój and in L˛ adek-Zdrój, in which the origins of using water for treatment
date back to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The waters of Cieplice flow out
from within the Karkonosze granites. Their mineralization reaches approximately
0.6 g/dm
3 , and they represent the SO 4 –HCO 3 –Na type and contain around 13 mg/dm
3
of fluorides and up to 106 mg/dm
3 of metasilicic acid [21]. The temperature of
groundwater 87.6 °C at the outflow has been extracted. The waters of L˛ adek-Zdrój are
characterised by low mineralization (approximately 0.2 g/dm
3 ), and they are mostly
of the HCO 3 –F–Na type. The fluoride concentration reaches 13 g/dm
3 , the content of
the hydrogen sulphide amounts to 3.6 mg/dm
3 , whereas radon concentration exceeds
1350 Bq/dm
3 [22]. The temperature of the springs is between 20 and 28 °C.
The Carpathian Province – includes the Inner Carpathians, Outer Carpathians,
and Carpathian Foredeep. This area is rich in mineral waters. In this region, fresh
water commonly coexists with mineral and thermal waters [13, 16, 23].
In the area of Podhale Trough (Inner Carpathians), thermal waters have been documented and exploited present. The temperature of these waters reaches 90 °C deeper
in the Podhale Trough with the mineralisation ranging from 0.3 to 3 g/dm
3 . These
thermal waters are used both for recreational and heating purposes in Zakopane,
Bukowina, Białka, Biały Dunajec, and Chochołów [24].
In the Outer Carpathian flysch, carbonated waters, saline waters and brines
commonly occur. Carbonated waters prevail along the Poprad river valley (e.g.,
Krynica Zdrój). These carbonated waters are of the HCO 3 –Ca types, and their mineralization does not exceed 3 g/dm
3 , whereas earlier waters of the HCO 3 –Na–Mg or
HCO 3 –Mg–Na types reveal a much higher level of mineralization reaching even
12 g/dm
3 [16]. The healing water Zuber, occurring near Krynica Górska constitutes
a unique type of carbonated water. This is water of the HCO 3 –Na + I or HCO 3 –
Na–Mg + I, with the mineralization reaching approximately 30 g/dm
3 . Chloride
carbonated waters are used mainly for healing purposes [13, 16, 25].
In the area of the Carpathians, the occurrence of 125 springs of sulphurous waters
has been identified. They contain hydrogen sulphide in concentrations from 1 to
160 mg/dm
3 , with the water mineralization ranging from 0.3 to 3.6 g/dm
3 [26].
In the south-western part of the Carpathian Foredeep, there occur brines of the
Cl–Na, Br, I type with the mineralization ranging from 30 to 185 g/dm
3 , which
are used for the production of curative salt (Zabłocie, D˛ ebowiec, Łapczyca). In
the north-central part of the Foredeep, in the vicinity of Busko and Solec-Zdrój,
151
These waters are of the HCO 3 –Ca–Mg, (Fe), (F), (Rn) types. The highest concentrations of radon in healing waters have been identified in ´
Swieradów-Zdrój, where
they can reach the value of 3000 Bq/dm
3 .
The impact of carbonated waters can also be found in the vicinity of
Wałbrzych (Stare Bogaczowice, Szczawno-Zdrój, Jedlina-Zdrój) and the of Kłodzko
area (Kudowa, Polanica-Zdrój, Stary Wielisław, Duszniki-Zdrój, Szczawina or
Długopole-Zdrój). These are mainly waters of the HCO 3 –Ca, Mg or HCO 3 –Ca and
HCO 3 –Na–Ca types [13, 17]. These are primarily ferrous waters and occasionally
radon waters. Moreover, in Duszniki-Zdrój carbonated water, the temperature of
which reaches 36 °C has been extracted.
Thermal waters have been recognised as having healing properties in Cieplice
´
Sl˛ askie-Zdrój and in L˛ adek-Zdrój, in which the origins of using water for treatment
date back to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The waters of Cieplice flow out
from within the Karkonosze granites. Their mineralization reaches approximately
0.6 g/dm
3 , and they represent the SO 4 –HCO 3 –Na type and contain around 13 mg/dm
3
of fluorides and up to 106 mg/dm
3 of metasilicic acid [21]. The temperature of
groundwater 87.6 °C at the outflow has been extracted. The waters of L˛ adek-Zdrój are
characterised by low mineralization (approximately 0.2 g/dm
3 ), and they are mostly
of the HCO 3 –F–Na type. The fluoride concentration reaches 13 g/dm
3 , the content of
the hydrogen sulphide amounts to 3.6 mg/dm
3 , whereas radon concentration exceeds
1350 Bq/dm
3 [22]. The temperature of the springs is between 20 and 28 °C.
The Carpathian Province – includes the Inner Carpathians, Outer Carpathians,
and Carpathian Foredeep. This area is rich in mineral waters. In this region, fresh
water commonly coexists with mineral and thermal waters [13, 16, 23].
In the area of Podhale Trough (Inner Carpathians), thermal waters have been documented and exploited present. The temperature of these waters reaches 90 °C deeper
in the Podhale Trough with the mineralisation ranging from 0.3 to 3 g/dm
3 . These
thermal waters are used both for recreational and heating purposes in Zakopane,
Bukowina, Białka, Biały Dunajec, and Chochołów [24].
In the Outer Carpathian flysch, carbonated waters, saline waters and brines
commonly occur. Carbonated waters prevail along the Poprad river valley (e.g.,
Krynica Zdrój). These carbonated waters are of the HCO 3 –Ca types, and their mineralization does not exceed 3 g/dm
3 , whereas earlier waters of the HCO 3 –Na–Mg or
HCO 3 –Mg–Na types reveal a much higher level of mineralization reaching even
12 g/dm
3 [16]. The healing water Zuber, occurring near Krynica Górska constitutes
a unique type of carbonated water. This is water of the HCO 3 –Na + I or HCO 3 –
Na–Mg + I, with the mineralization reaching approximately 30 g/dm
3 . Chloride
carbonated waters are used mainly for healing purposes [13, 16, 25].
In the area of the Carpathians, the occurrence of 125 springs of sulphurous waters
has been identified. They contain hydrogen sulphide in concentrations from 1 to
160 mg/dm
3 , with the water mineralization ranging from 0.3 to 3.6 g/dm
3 [26].
In the south-western part of the Carpathian Foredeep, there occur brines of the
Cl–Na, Br, I type with the mineralization ranging from 30 to 185 g/dm
3 , which
are used for the production of curative salt (Zabłocie, D˛ ebowiec, Łapczyca). In
the north-central part of the Foredeep, in the vicinity of Busko and Solec-Zdrój,