Table 6
Extraction methodologies from plants
Matrix and target
molecules
Weight/
volume of
sample
Extraction solvent
Salts
Buffer
Clean-up
Analytical
method
Reference
Honeys, honeybees, and
pollens
– pesticides, veterinary drugs, and a synergist
2 g dry
weight
8 mL H2O, 10 mL
ACN, 3 mL hexane
4 g anhydrous
MgSO
4 , 1 g
NaCl
1 g sodium citrate
dehydrate,
500 mg disodium
citrate
sesquihydrate
15 mL solution for
d-SPE (900 mg of
anhydrous MgSO
4 ,
150 mg PSA bonded
silica, 150 mg C18
bonded silica)
HPLC-MS/
MS, GC-ToF
[146]
Milk and chicken feed
–
benzimidazoles and
coccidiostats
10 g dry
weight
10 mL deionized
water, 10 mL MeCN
4 g of MgSO
4 ,
1 g NaCl
None
150 mg MgSO
4 ,
50 mg C18, 50 mg
PSA
DARTHRMS
[147]
Animal feed
–
13 sulfonamides
5 g dry
weight
10 mL H
2 O, 10 mL
acetic acid 0.1%
(v/v) in ACN:
MeOH (75:25 v/v)
4 g anhydrous
MgSO
4
0.5 g sodium
acetate
200 mg PSA
HPLC-MS/
MS
[148]
Tomato fruit
– lufenuron
15 g wet
weight
15 mL ACN
6 g anhydrous
MgSO
4 , 1.5 g
NaCl
None
100 mg PSA,
600 mg anhydrous
MgSO
4
HPLC
[36]
White radish, Chinese cabbage, cucumber, string
bean, and green pepper
–
26 veterinary
antimicrobials
10 g wet
weight
10 mL MeCN/
MeOH (85:15, v/v)
4 g of anhydrous MgSO
4
and 1 g of NaCl
1 g of H
3 CitÁH
2 O,
0.5 g of
Na
3 CitÁ2H
2 O
70 mg PSA
HPLC-MS/
MS
[149]
Herbal dietary supplements
– 96 pharmaceuticals, plant toxins, and other
plant secondary
metabolites
1 g dry
weight
10 mL H
2 O, 10 mL
ACN, ACN (2%
formic acid)
4 g anhydrous
MgSO
4 , 1 g
NaCl
None
0.22
μm Teflon
filter, d-SPE (100 mg
C18, 300 mg
MgSO
4 )
UHPLCHRMS
[143]
(continued)
Development of Methods for the Determination of PhACs in Soil/Earthworm/Crop. . .
451
Extraction methodologies from plants
Matrix and target
molecules
Weight/
volume of
sample
Extraction solvent
Salts
Buffer
Clean-up
Analytical
method
Reference
Honeys, honeybees, and
pollens
– pesticides, veterinary drugs, and a synergist
2 g dry
weight
8 mL H2O, 10 mL
ACN, 3 mL hexane
4 g anhydrous
MgSO
4 , 1 g
NaCl
1 g sodium citrate
dehydrate,
500 mg disodium
citrate
sesquihydrate
15 mL solution for
d-SPE (900 mg of
anhydrous MgSO
4 ,
150 mg PSA bonded
silica, 150 mg C18
bonded silica)
HPLC-MS/
MS, GC-ToF
[146]
Milk and chicken feed
–
benzimidazoles and
coccidiostats
10 g dry
weight
10 mL deionized
water, 10 mL MeCN
4 g of MgSO
4 ,
1 g NaCl
None
150 mg MgSO
4 ,
50 mg C18, 50 mg
PSA
DARTHRMS
[147]
Animal feed
–
13 sulfonamides
5 g dry
weight
10 mL H
2 O, 10 mL
acetic acid 0.1%
(v/v) in ACN:
MeOH (75:25 v/v)
4 g anhydrous
MgSO
4
0.5 g sodium
acetate
200 mg PSA
HPLC-MS/
MS
[148]
Tomato fruit
– lufenuron
15 g wet
weight
15 mL ACN
6 g anhydrous
MgSO
4 , 1.5 g
NaCl
None
100 mg PSA,
600 mg anhydrous
MgSO
4
HPLC
[36]
White radish, Chinese cabbage, cucumber, string
bean, and green pepper
–
26 veterinary
antimicrobials
10 g wet
weight
10 mL MeCN/
MeOH (85:15, v/v)
4 g of anhydrous MgSO
4
and 1 g of NaCl
1 g of H
3 CitÁH
2 O,
0.5 g of
Na
3 CitÁ2H
2 O
70 mg PSA
HPLC-MS/
MS
[149]
Herbal dietary supplements
– 96 pharmaceuticals, plant toxins, and other
plant secondary
metabolites
1 g dry
weight
10 mL H
2 O, 10 mL
ACN, ACN (2%
formic acid)
4 g anhydrous
MgSO
4 , 1 g
NaCl
None
0.22
μm Teflon
filter, d-SPE (100 mg
C18, 300 mg
MgSO
4 )
UHPLCHRMS
[143]
(continued)
Development of Methods for the Determination of PhACs in Soil/Earthworm/Crop. . .
451