Table 4
MAE extraction and analysis conditions in soil
Pharmaceuticals
MAE extraction conditions
Clean-up
Analysis
References
Soil
mass
(g)
Solvent (power
in watt)
Time
(min)
 number
of cycles
Temp
(
C)
Recovery
(%)
RSD
(%)
LOD
Instrument
Acetylsalicylic acid, carbamazepine, chloramphenicol, clofibric acid,
diclofenac,
florfenicol,
flunixin, ibuprofen,
ketoprofen, mefenamic
acid, metoprolol, naproxen,
niflumic acid, paracetamol,
phenylbutazone, propranolol, pyrimethamine, triclosan and thiamphenicol,
17α-ethinylestradiol, 17β-estradiol, and estrone
1 g
3:2 methanol/
water (500 W)
6 min
 1
HLB cartridges
91–101%
< 6%
0.8–5.1 ng/
kg
GC-MS
[18]
Acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, paracetamol,
flurbiprofen, naproxen,
diflunisal, ketoprofen,
diclofenac sodium salt,
diethylstilboestrol, estrone,
17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and
estriol
5 g
Acetonitrile
(400 W)
15 min
 1
115
C HLB cartridges
> 50%
0.3–5.7 ng/
g
GC-MS
[87]
Oxolinic acid and
flumequine
1 M phosphoric
acid buffer at
pH 2 and
dichloromethane
22 min
 1
9 0
C
1 M aqueous
sodium
hydroxide
79–94%
3–7%
LC-FLD
[88]
Norfloxacin and
ciprofloxacin
0.2 g Water (120 W)
5 min
 1
No clean-up
98%
5.21%
HPLC-photometric
detector
[89]
(continued)
Development of Methods for the Determination of PhACs in Soil/Earthworm/Crop. . .
437