Sources of Pharmaceuticals in Water
Roberto Parra-Saldivar, Carlos Castillo-Zacarías, Muhammad Bilal,
Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, and Damiá Barceló
Contents
1 Introduction: Problem Statement and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2 Sources of Pharmaceuticals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3 Case Studies of Point-Based Source Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4 Case Studies of Diffuse-Based Source Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5 Pharmaceuticals’ Fate in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Abstract This chapter focuses on the increasing environmental apprehensions and
persistence of numerous organic contaminants so-called emerging contaminants
(ECs), including biologically active elements from pharmaceutical source industries.
Several types of diverse pharmaceutical-related compounds are being detected in
environmental matrices and wastewater treatment units. Owing to this broader
occurrence, transformation, and detection of pharmaceutical-related compounds in
water matrices, people and legislative authorities are now more concerned about
potential sources and ecological consequences of ECs. This is mainly because the
free movement of ECs in water matrices is posing noteworthy adverse effects on
human, aquatic animals, and naturally occurring plants, even at minimal
R. Parra-Saldivar, C. Castillo-Zacarías, and H. M. N. Iqbal (*)
Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
e-mail: hafiz.iqbal@tec.mx
M. Bilal
School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
D. Barceló
Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEACSIC, Barcelona, Spain
Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain
College of Environmental and Resources Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
Sandra Pérez Solsona, Nicola Montemurro, Serge Chiron, and Damià Barceló (eds.),
Interaction and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Soil-Crop Systems: The Impact of
Reclaimed Wastewater, Hdb Env Chem (2021) 103: 33–48, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_623,
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, Published online: 18 July 2020
33
Roberto Parra-Saldivar, Carlos Castillo-Zacarías, Muhammad Bilal,
Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, and Damiá Barceló
Contents
1 Introduction: Problem Statement and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2 Sources of Pharmaceuticals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3 Case Studies of Point-Based Source Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4 Case Studies of Diffuse-Based Source Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5 Pharmaceuticals’ Fate in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Abstract This chapter focuses on the increasing environmental apprehensions and
persistence of numerous organic contaminants so-called emerging contaminants
(ECs), including biologically active elements from pharmaceutical source industries.
Several types of diverse pharmaceutical-related compounds are being detected in
environmental matrices and wastewater treatment units. Owing to this broader
occurrence, transformation, and detection of pharmaceutical-related compounds in
water matrices, people and legislative authorities are now more concerned about
potential sources and ecological consequences of ECs. This is mainly because the
free movement of ECs in water matrices is posing noteworthy adverse effects on
human, aquatic animals, and naturally occurring plants, even at minimal
R. Parra-Saldivar, C. Castillo-Zacarías, and H. M. N. Iqbal (*)
Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
e-mail: hafiz.iqbal@tec.mx
M. Bilal
School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
D. Barceló
Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEACSIC, Barcelona, Spain
Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain
College of Environmental and Resources Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
Sandra Pérez Solsona, Nicola Montemurro, Serge Chiron, and Damià Barceló (eds.),
Interaction and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Soil-Crop Systems: The Impact of
Reclaimed Wastewater, Hdb Env Chem (2021) 103: 33–48, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_623,
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, Published online: 18 July 2020
33