62. Gu J, Chen X, Wang Y, Wang L, Szlavecz K et al (2020) Bioaccumulation, physiological
distribution, and biotransformation of tetrabromobisphenol a (TBBPA) in the geophagous
earthworm Metaphire guillelmi – hint for detoxification strategy. J Hazard Mater
388:122027–122027
63. Li J, Zhang W, Chen L, Liang J, Lin K (2015) Biological effects of decabromodiphenyl ether
(BDE209) and Pb on earthworm (Eisenia fetida) in a soil system. Environ Pollut 207:220–225
64. Hu S, Zhang W, Li J, Lin K, Ji R (2016) Antioxidant and gene expression responses of Eisenia
fetida following repeated exposure to BDE209 and Pb in a soil-earthworm system. Sci Total
Environ 556:163–168
65. Shi Y-j, Xu X-b, Zheng X-q, Lu Y-l (2015) Responses of growth inhibition and antioxidant
gene expression in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to tetrabromobisphenol A,
hexabromocyclododecane and decabromodiphenyl ether. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol
Pharmacol 174:32–38
66. Xu X-b, Y-j S, Lu Y-l, Zheng X-q, Ritchie RJ (2015) Growth inhibition and altered gene
transcript levels in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to 2,2
0 ,4,4
0 -tetrabromodiphenyl ether.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 69:1–7
67. Liang R, Chen J, Shi Y, Lu Y, Sarvajayakesavalu S et al (2018) Toxicological effects on
earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of BDE-47 and BDE-209
from a metabolic point. Environ Pollut 240:653–660
68. Shi Y, Xu X, Chen J, Liang R, Zheng X et al (2018) Antioxidant gene expression and metabolic
responses of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) after exposure to various concentrations of
hexabromocyclododecane. Environ Pollut 232:245–251
69. Zhao S, Liu T, Wang B, Fu J, Liang T et al (2019) Accumulation, biodegradation and
toxicological effects of N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol on the earthworms Eisenia
fetida exposed to quartz sands. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 181:138–145
70. Wang L, Huang X, Laserna AKC, Li SFY (2018) Untargeted metabolomics reveals transformation pathways and metabolic response of the earthworm Perionyx excavatus after exposure
to triphenyl phosphate. Sci Rep 8:1–12
71. Egorova KS, Gordeev EG, Ananikov VP (2017) Biological activity of ionic liquids and their
application in pharmaceutics and medicine. Chem Rev 117:7132–7189
72. Shao Y, Hou K, Du Z, Li B, Wang J et al (2019) Evaluation of the toxicity of 1-butyl-3-methyl
imidazolium tetrafluoroborate using earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in two soils. Sci Total Environ
686:946–958
73. Liu X, Zhang S, Wang J, Wang J, Shao Y et al (2016) Biochemical responses and DNA damage
in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) induced by ionic liquid omim PF6. Environ Sci Pollut Res
23:6836–6844
74. Shao Y, Wang J, Du Z, Li B, Zhu L et al (2018) Toxic effect of Omirn BF4 and Omim Br on
antioxidant stress and oxidative damage in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Environ Toxicol
Pharmacol 60:37–44
75. Shao Y, Wang J, Wang J, Du Z, Li B et al (2019) Oxidative stress and genotoxic effects in
earthworms induced by five imidazolium bromide ionic liquids with different alkyl chains.
Chemosphere 227:570–579
76. Guo Y, Liu T, Zhang J, Wang J, Wang J et al (2016) Biochemical and genetic toxicity of the
ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride on earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Environ
Toxicol Chem 35:411–418
77. Katagi T, Ose K (2015) Toxicity, bioaccumulation and metabolism of pesticides in the
earthworm. J Pestic Sci 40:69–81
78. Qin F, Gao Y, Xu P, Guo B, Li J et al (2015) Enantioselective bioaccumulation and toxic effects
of fipronil in the earthworm Eisenia foetida following soil exposure. Pest Manag Sci
71:553–561
79. Wang X, Yu N, Yang J, Jin L, Guo H et al (2020) Suspect and non-target screening of pesticides
and pharmaceuticals transformation products in wastewater using QTOF-MS. Environ Int
137:105599–105599
Biomarkers in Earthworms
337
distribution, and biotransformation of tetrabromobisphenol a (TBBPA) in the geophagous
earthworm Metaphire guillelmi – hint for detoxification strategy. J Hazard Mater
388:122027–122027
63. Li J, Zhang W, Chen L, Liang J, Lin K (2015) Biological effects of decabromodiphenyl ether
(BDE209) and Pb on earthworm (Eisenia fetida) in a soil system. Environ Pollut 207:220–225
64. Hu S, Zhang W, Li J, Lin K, Ji R (2016) Antioxidant and gene expression responses of Eisenia
fetida following repeated exposure to BDE209 and Pb in a soil-earthworm system. Sci Total
Environ 556:163–168
65. Shi Y-j, Xu X-b, Zheng X-q, Lu Y-l (2015) Responses of growth inhibition and antioxidant
gene expression in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to tetrabromobisphenol A,
hexabromocyclododecane and decabromodiphenyl ether. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol
Pharmacol 174:32–38
66. Xu X-b, Y-j S, Lu Y-l, Zheng X-q, Ritchie RJ (2015) Growth inhibition and altered gene
transcript levels in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to 2,2
0 ,4,4
0 -tetrabromodiphenyl ether.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 69:1–7
67. Liang R, Chen J, Shi Y, Lu Y, Sarvajayakesavalu S et al (2018) Toxicological effects on
earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of BDE-47 and BDE-209
from a metabolic point. Environ Pollut 240:653–660
68. Shi Y, Xu X, Chen J, Liang R, Zheng X et al (2018) Antioxidant gene expression and metabolic
responses of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) after exposure to various concentrations of
hexabromocyclododecane. Environ Pollut 232:245–251
69. Zhao S, Liu T, Wang B, Fu J, Liang T et al (2019) Accumulation, biodegradation and
toxicological effects of N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol on the earthworms Eisenia
fetida exposed to quartz sands. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 181:138–145
70. Wang L, Huang X, Laserna AKC, Li SFY (2018) Untargeted metabolomics reveals transformation pathways and metabolic response of the earthworm Perionyx excavatus after exposure
to triphenyl phosphate. Sci Rep 8:1–12
71. Egorova KS, Gordeev EG, Ananikov VP (2017) Biological activity of ionic liquids and their
application in pharmaceutics and medicine. Chem Rev 117:7132–7189
72. Shao Y, Hou K, Du Z, Li B, Wang J et al (2019) Evaluation of the toxicity of 1-butyl-3-methyl
imidazolium tetrafluoroborate using earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in two soils. Sci Total Environ
686:946–958
73. Liu X, Zhang S, Wang J, Wang J, Shao Y et al (2016) Biochemical responses and DNA damage
in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) induced by ionic liquid omim PF6. Environ Sci Pollut Res
23:6836–6844
74. Shao Y, Wang J, Du Z, Li B, Zhu L et al (2018) Toxic effect of Omirn BF4 and Omim Br on
antioxidant stress and oxidative damage in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Environ Toxicol
Pharmacol 60:37–44
75. Shao Y, Wang J, Wang J, Du Z, Li B et al (2019) Oxidative stress and genotoxic effects in
earthworms induced by five imidazolium bromide ionic liquids with different alkyl chains.
Chemosphere 227:570–579
76. Guo Y, Liu T, Zhang J, Wang J, Wang J et al (2016) Biochemical and genetic toxicity of the
ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride on earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Environ
Toxicol Chem 35:411–418
77. Katagi T, Ose K (2015) Toxicity, bioaccumulation and metabolism of pesticides in the
earthworm. J Pestic Sci 40:69–81
78. Qin F, Gao Y, Xu P, Guo B, Li J et al (2015) Enantioselective bioaccumulation and toxic effects
of fipronil in the earthworm Eisenia foetida following soil exposure. Pest Manag Sci
71:553–561
79. Wang X, Yu N, Yang J, Jin L, Guo H et al (2020) Suspect and non-target screening of pesticides
and pharmaceuticals transformation products in wastewater using QTOF-MS. Environ Int
137:105599–105599
Biomarkers in Earthworms
337