References
1. Fatta-Kassinos D, Kreuzinger N, Rizzo L (2020) Editorial – “Urban wastewater reuse and
chemical contaminants of emerging concern”. Chemosphere 248:126052. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126052
2. Bedner M, MacCrehan WA (2006) Transformation of acetaminophen by chlorination produces the toxicants 1,4-benzoquinone and N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine. Environ Sci
Technol 40:516–522. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0509073
3. Gorito AM, Ribeiro AR, Almeida CMR, Silva AMT (2017) A review on the application of
constructed wetlands for the removal of priority substances and contaminants of emerging
concern listed in recently launched EU legislation. Environ Pollut 227:428–443. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.060
4. Brown CM, Reisfeld B, Mayeno AN (2008) Cytochromes P450: a structure-based summary of
biotransformations using representative substrates. Drug Metab Rev 40:1–100. https://doi.org/
10.1080/03602530802309742
5. Ortiz de Montellano PR, De Voss JJ (2015) Substrate oxidation by cytochrome P450 enzymes.
In: Ortiz de Montellano PR (ed) Cytochrome P450: structure, mechanism and biochemistry.
Springer, Boston, pp 183–245
6. Lewis DFV, Dickins M (2002) Substrate SARs in human P450s. Drug Discov Today 7:918–
925
7. Bhatt DK, Gaedigk A, Pearce RE et al (2017) Age-dependent protein abundance of cytosolic
alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases in human liver. Drug Metab Dispos 45:1044–1048.
https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.117.076463
8. Oppermann UCT, Maser E (2000) Molecular and structural aspects of xenobiotic carbonyl
metabolizing enzymes. Role of reductases and dehydrogenases in xenobiotic phase I reactions.
Toxicology 144:71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00192-4
9. Krueger SK, Williams DE (2005) Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/
function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism. Pharmacol Ther 106:357–387.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001
10. Kitamura S, Sugihara K, Ohta S (2006) Drug-metabolizing ability of molybdenum hydroxylases. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 21:83–98. https://doi.org/10.2133/dmpk.21.83
11. Berry L, Wollenberg L, Zhao Z (2009) Esterase activities in the blood, liver and intestine of
several preclinical species and humans. Drug Metab Lett 3:70–77. https://doi.org/10.2174/
187231209788654081
12. Fukami T, Yokoi T (2012) The emerging role of human esterases. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet
27:466–477. https://doi.org/10.2133/dmpk.DMPK-12-RV-042
13. Malátková P, Wsól V (2014) Carbonyl reduction pathways in drug metabolism. Drug Metab
Rev 46:96–123. https://doi.org/10.3109/03602532.2013.853078
14. Enright EF, Gahan CGM, Joyce SA, Griffin BT (2016) The impact of the gut microbiota on
drug metabolism and clinical outcome. Yale J Biol Med 89:375–382
15. Rowland A, Miners JO, Mackenzie PI (2013) The UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: their role in
drug metabolism and detoxification. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 45:1121–1132. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.biocel.2013.02.019
16. Fisher MB, Paine MF, Strelevitz TJ, Wrighton SA (2001) The role of hepatic and extrahepatic
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in human drug metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 33:273–297.
https://doi.org/10.1081/DMR-120000653
17. Soars MG, Burchell B, Riley RJ (2002) In vitro analysis of human drug glucuronidation and
prediction of in vivo metabolic clearance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301:382–390. https://doi.org/
10.1124/jpet.301.1.382
18. Gamage N, Barnett A, Hempel N et al (2006) Human sulfotransferases and their role in
chemical metabolism. Toxicol Sci 90:5–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj061
Metabolism of Pharmaceuticals in Plants and Their Associated Microbiota
257
1. Fatta-Kassinos D, Kreuzinger N, Rizzo L (2020) Editorial – “Urban wastewater reuse and
chemical contaminants of emerging concern”. Chemosphere 248:126052. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126052
2. Bedner M, MacCrehan WA (2006) Transformation of acetaminophen by chlorination produces the toxicants 1,4-benzoquinone and N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine. Environ Sci
Technol 40:516–522. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0509073
3. Gorito AM, Ribeiro AR, Almeida CMR, Silva AMT (2017) A review on the application of
constructed wetlands for the removal of priority substances and contaminants of emerging
concern listed in recently launched EU legislation. Environ Pollut 227:428–443. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.060
4. Brown CM, Reisfeld B, Mayeno AN (2008) Cytochromes P450: a structure-based summary of
biotransformations using representative substrates. Drug Metab Rev 40:1–100. https://doi.org/
10.1080/03602530802309742
5. Ortiz de Montellano PR, De Voss JJ (2015) Substrate oxidation by cytochrome P450 enzymes.
In: Ortiz de Montellano PR (ed) Cytochrome P450: structure, mechanism and biochemistry.
Springer, Boston, pp 183–245
6. Lewis DFV, Dickins M (2002) Substrate SARs in human P450s. Drug Discov Today 7:918–
925
7. Bhatt DK, Gaedigk A, Pearce RE et al (2017) Age-dependent protein abundance of cytosolic
alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases in human liver. Drug Metab Dispos 45:1044–1048.
https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.117.076463
8. Oppermann UCT, Maser E (2000) Molecular and structural aspects of xenobiotic carbonyl
metabolizing enzymes. Role of reductases and dehydrogenases in xenobiotic phase I reactions.
Toxicology 144:71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00192-4
9. Krueger SK, Williams DE (2005) Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/
function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism. Pharmacol Ther 106:357–387.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001
10. Kitamura S, Sugihara K, Ohta S (2006) Drug-metabolizing ability of molybdenum hydroxylases. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 21:83–98. https://doi.org/10.2133/dmpk.21.83
11. Berry L, Wollenberg L, Zhao Z (2009) Esterase activities in the blood, liver and intestine of
several preclinical species and humans. Drug Metab Lett 3:70–77. https://doi.org/10.2174/
187231209788654081
12. Fukami T, Yokoi T (2012) The emerging role of human esterases. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet
27:466–477. https://doi.org/10.2133/dmpk.DMPK-12-RV-042
13. Malátková P, Wsól V (2014) Carbonyl reduction pathways in drug metabolism. Drug Metab
Rev 46:96–123. https://doi.org/10.3109/03602532.2013.853078
14. Enright EF, Gahan CGM, Joyce SA, Griffin BT (2016) The impact of the gut microbiota on
drug metabolism and clinical outcome. Yale J Biol Med 89:375–382
15. Rowland A, Miners JO, Mackenzie PI (2013) The UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: their role in
drug metabolism and detoxification. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 45:1121–1132. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.biocel.2013.02.019
16. Fisher MB, Paine MF, Strelevitz TJ, Wrighton SA (2001) The role of hepatic and extrahepatic
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in human drug metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 33:273–297.
https://doi.org/10.1081/DMR-120000653
17. Soars MG, Burchell B, Riley RJ (2002) In vitro analysis of human drug glucuronidation and
prediction of in vivo metabolic clearance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301:382–390. https://doi.org/
10.1124/jpet.301.1.382
18. Gamage N, Barnett A, Hempel N et al (2006) Human sulfotransferases and their role in
chemical metabolism. Toxicol Sci 90:5–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj061
Metabolism of Pharmaceuticals in Plants and Their Associated Microbiota
257