Table 1
Comparison of the metabolism of drugs in humans and plants
Compound
Human metabolites
Plant metabolites
Plant species
Ref.
Acetaminophen
(AAP)
Phase I: N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
(NAPQI)
Phase II: AAP-Gluc, AAP-Sulf, AAPCys
Phase II: AAP-Hex, AAP-Cys;
AAP-GSH
Armoracia rusticana
(cells)
[26]
Caffeine
Phase I: Paraxanthine, theobromine,
theophylline, 3-methylxanthine,
7-methylxanthine, 1,3,7-trimethyluric
acid,
1-methylxanthine, 1-methyluric
acid, 1,7-dimethyluric acid
Phase II: 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino3-methyluracil
Phase I: Paraxanthine, theobromine,
theophylline, 3-methylxanthine,
7-methylxanthine, 1,3,7-trimethyluric
acid,
8-OH-1,3,7-trimethyl-3,7,8,9tetrahydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione,
7-OH-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1Hpurine-2,6-dione, xanthine
Lactuca sativa,
radish
[27]
Carbamazepine
(CBZ)
Phase I: 2-OH-CBZ, 3-OH-CBZ, 2,3diOH-CBZ, 10,11-dihydro-10-OHCBZ, 10,11-epoxy-CBZ, 10,11-diOHCBZ, 2,3-dihydro-OH-CBZ,
CBZ-oquinone, 2, 3-epoxide-CBZ, acridine,
acridine-carboxaldehyde, acridinecarboxylic acid, 9-OH-acridine,
acridone
Phase II
10,11-dihydro-10-OH-CBZ-Gluc
Phase I: 2-OH-CBZ, 3-OH-CBZ, 2,3diOH-CBZ, 10,11-epoxy-CBZ, trans10,11-diOH-CBZ, cis-diOH-CBZ,
10,11-dihydro-10-OH-CBZ, 2,3dihydro-OH-CBZ,
10,11-dihydroCBZ, 2,3-dihydro-2,3-OH-CBZ,
CBZ-2,3-quinone, 10,11-dihydro-10,11epoxy-CBZ, acridine, acridinecarboxaldehyde, acridine-carboxylic
acid, 9-OH-acridine, acridone
Phase II: 10,11-dihydro-10-OH-11GSH-CBZ, CBZ-Hex, CBZ-Cys, 10,11dihydro-10-OH-CBZ-Cys, CBZ-CysGly
Phragmites australis
(culture), Solanum lycopersicum, Cucumis
Sativus, Carrot culture
[24, 28–
32]
Ciprofloxacin
(CIP)
Formyl-CIP, oxo-CIP, desethylene-CIP,
Sulfo-CIP
Phase I: OH-CIP, N-desalkyl-CIP,
desethylene-CIP
Brassica parachinensis
[33]
234
A. Sauvêtre et al.