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energy requirements which is increasing day by day. The increase in energy demand is
associated with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions generated by fossil fuels combustion.
The burning of fossil fuels for heat and power and chemical process used in various
industries such as cement, iron, and steel are the major contributors of CO 2 emissions.
Global warming is attributed to CO 2 emissions which is responsible for climate change.
The impact of the climate changes are rise in sea level and extreme weather conditions
such as droughts and floods. To mitigate the adverse effect of CO 2 emissions, carbon
capture utilization and storage (CCUS) has been considered as an essential technology.
International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that to limit the global temperature
rise by 2 °C, there is a need to cut down 50% of the global carbon dioxide emissions.
The cost of mitigating the climate change issue without considering the CO 2 emission would be 70% higher [1]. According to the report by the IEA, the energy sector
alone will contribute to more than 130% in CO 2 emissions by 2050 due to increased
usage of fossil fuels. Approximately 70% of the carbon dioxide emissions is contributed by power and industry sector. The type of process and feed used in various
industries also affects the concentration of CO 2 emission into the atmosphere [2, 3].
With the growth and development of India, CO 2 emissions are also increased from
1.14 emission per capita in 2000 to 1.67 emission per capita in 2012 [4–6].
CCUS is considered to be a vital technology to lower the greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions and meet the environmental norms [4]. The fossil fuel-based power plants
have major share in the CO 2 emissions, and it is crucial to diminish these emissions
by employing proper carbon capture technology in these plants along with focus on
increasing the shares of renewables and nuclear power [4–6]. Apart from those
power plants, fertilizer plants, cement manufacturing plant, and natural gas processing terminals contribute highly in total carbon dioxide emissions [6]. CCS is the
process of capturing CO 2 released from various industrial processes followed by
drying and compression (~15 MPa). Thereafter, it is shipped through pipeline to a
storage site. It is stored underneath the ocean, saline aquifers, and depleted oil and
natural gas fields by various mechanisms. The captured CO 2 is utilized in “enhanced
oil recovery,” where CO 2 is injected into an oil field to extract the remaining oil.
Alternatively, the CO 2 can be converted into various chemicals such as carboxylates, carbonates, carbamates, formic acid, methanol, and fuels [7].
1.1 CO 2 Capture Technology
In general, there are three ways of CO 2 capture methods, namely, post-combustion,
pre-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion.
1.1.1 Post-combustion
In post-combustion carbon absorption method, CO 2 is absorbed after the combustion of fossil fuels. In this process, concentration of CO 2 produced is significantly
higher. Since air is used as the oxidant for the combustion, therefore flue gas
M. B. Haider et al.
energy requirements which is increasing day by day. The increase in energy demand is
associated with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions generated by fossil fuels combustion.
The burning of fossil fuels for heat and power and chemical process used in various
industries such as cement, iron, and steel are the major contributors of CO 2 emissions.
Global warming is attributed to CO 2 emissions which is responsible for climate change.
The impact of the climate changes are rise in sea level and extreme weather conditions
such as droughts and floods. To mitigate the adverse effect of CO 2 emissions, carbon
capture utilization and storage (CCUS) has been considered as an essential technology.
International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that to limit the global temperature
rise by 2 °C, there is a need to cut down 50% of the global carbon dioxide emissions.
The cost of mitigating the climate change issue without considering the CO 2 emission would be 70% higher [1]. According to the report by the IEA, the energy sector
alone will contribute to more than 130% in CO 2 emissions by 2050 due to increased
usage of fossil fuels. Approximately 70% of the carbon dioxide emissions is contributed by power and industry sector. The type of process and feed used in various
industries also affects the concentration of CO 2 emission into the atmosphere [2, 3].
With the growth and development of India, CO 2 emissions are also increased from
1.14 emission per capita in 2000 to 1.67 emission per capita in 2012 [4–6].
CCUS is considered to be a vital technology to lower the greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions and meet the environmental norms [4]. The fossil fuel-based power plants
have major share in the CO 2 emissions, and it is crucial to diminish these emissions
by employing proper carbon capture technology in these plants along with focus on
increasing the shares of renewables and nuclear power [4–6]. Apart from those
power plants, fertilizer plants, cement manufacturing plant, and natural gas processing terminals contribute highly in total carbon dioxide emissions [6]. CCS is the
process of capturing CO 2 released from various industrial processes followed by
drying and compression (~15 MPa). Thereafter, it is shipped through pipeline to a
storage site. It is stored underneath the ocean, saline aquifers, and depleted oil and
natural gas fields by various mechanisms. The captured CO 2 is utilized in “enhanced
oil recovery,” where CO 2 is injected into an oil field to extract the remaining oil.
Alternatively, the CO 2 can be converted into various chemicals such as carboxylates, carbonates, carbamates, formic acid, methanol, and fuels [7].
1.1 CO 2 Capture Technology
In general, there are three ways of CO 2 capture methods, namely, post-combustion,
pre-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion.
1.1.1 Post-combustion
In post-combustion carbon absorption method, CO 2 is absorbed after the combustion of fossil fuels. In this process, concentration of CO 2 produced is significantly
higher. Since air is used as the oxidant for the combustion, therefore flue gas
M. B. Haider et al.