611
solar photovoltaic electrolyzer to produce hydrogen and (3) third step involves the
hydrogenation adopting thermochemical methods to produce syngas followed by
hydrocarbon synthesis. The hydrocarbon is having applications on diesel alternative
and jet fuel [62, 63].
BSE Engineering (Germany) explored the commercial technology on methanol
synthesis from CO 2 . The hydrogen is produced by alkaline electrolyzer process, and
the captured CO 2 is inserted into reactor in a stoichiometric ratio. The crude product
contains methanol-water mixture, and by distillation, the methanol was achieved
with 99% purity [62, 63].
Sunfire GmbH in Germany has established the methodology for hydrocarbon synthesis from syngas in the commercial name of blue crude by FTS process. The
syngas is produced by electrolysis of water and CO 2 using solid electrolysis cell.
The heat generated during the process is used to evaporate water for steam electrolysis. Thus, the efficiency of this process is increased by 70% [62, 63].
3 Homogenous Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Conversion
One of the major advancements in the organometallic chemistry is the functional
application of the metal complexes as homogeneous catalysts [64, 65]. Metal complexes are found efficient for many catalytic reactions when compared to heterogeneous catalysts, but they lack in their recyclability. In addition, the catalyst removal
from the reaction is challenging sometimes. Among the diverse metal complexes,
the pincer-type catalysts are extensively applied for hydrogenation of CO 2 , whereas
the salen and other metal complexes are used for CO 2 fixation reactions. Follow-up
to the importance of CO 2 , their application in fine chemical synthesis, capture, and
utilization process is essential. The heterogeneous catalyst is also widely used for
the conversion of CO 2 ; the review focuses selectively on homogenous catalysts.
This content discusses the efficient and selective homogenous catalysts for the conversion. The reactions are broadly classified into carbon dioxide insertion and
reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products [66–68].
3.1 Carbon Dioxide Insertion Reaction
3.1.1 Cyclic Carbonate
The addition of CO 2 into organic substrates such as epoxide, diol, etc. is demonstrated to form cyclic carbonates. The conversion of CO 2 to cyclic carbonate is an
atom economy process in nature. The cyclic carbonates are highly potential intermediates in organic synthesis [69], excellent building blocks for synthesizing
Efficient Homogeneous Catalysts for Conversion of CO 2 to Fine Chemicals
solar photovoltaic electrolyzer to produce hydrogen and (3) third step involves the
hydrogenation adopting thermochemical methods to produce syngas followed by
hydrocarbon synthesis. The hydrocarbon is having applications on diesel alternative
and jet fuel [62, 63].
BSE Engineering (Germany) explored the commercial technology on methanol
synthesis from CO 2 . The hydrogen is produced by alkaline electrolyzer process, and
the captured CO 2 is inserted into reactor in a stoichiometric ratio. The crude product
contains methanol-water mixture, and by distillation, the methanol was achieved
with 99% purity [62, 63].
Sunfire GmbH in Germany has established the methodology for hydrocarbon synthesis from syngas in the commercial name of blue crude by FTS process. The
syngas is produced by electrolysis of water and CO 2 using solid electrolysis cell.
The heat generated during the process is used to evaporate water for steam electrolysis. Thus, the efficiency of this process is increased by 70% [62, 63].
3 Homogenous Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Conversion
One of the major advancements in the organometallic chemistry is the functional
application of the metal complexes as homogeneous catalysts [64, 65]. Metal complexes are found efficient for many catalytic reactions when compared to heterogeneous catalysts, but they lack in their recyclability. In addition, the catalyst removal
from the reaction is challenging sometimes. Among the diverse metal complexes,
the pincer-type catalysts are extensively applied for hydrogenation of CO 2 , whereas
the salen and other metal complexes are used for CO 2 fixation reactions. Follow-up
to the importance of CO 2 , their application in fine chemical synthesis, capture, and
utilization process is essential. The heterogeneous catalyst is also widely used for
the conversion of CO 2 ; the review focuses selectively on homogenous catalysts.
This content discusses the efficient and selective homogenous catalysts for the conversion. The reactions are broadly classified into carbon dioxide insertion and
reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added products [66–68].
3.1 Carbon Dioxide Insertion Reaction
3.1.1 Cyclic Carbonate
The addition of CO 2 into organic substrates such as epoxide, diol, etc. is demonstrated to form cyclic carbonates. The conversion of CO 2 to cyclic carbonate is an
atom economy process in nature. The cyclic carbonates are highly potential intermediates in organic synthesis [69], excellent building blocks for synthesizing
Efficient Homogeneous Catalysts for Conversion of CO 2 to Fine Chemicals