142
11. Albright LF (2003) Alkylation of isobutane with C3-C5 olefins to produce high-quality gasolines: physicochemical sequence of events. Ind Eng Chem Res 42(19):4283–4289
12. Scott B (1992) Hydrocarbon Process 71:77
13. Hoffman HL (1991) Hydrocarbon Processing, 37
14. Singhal S, Agarwal S, Arora S, Singhal N, Kumar A (2017) Solid acids: potential catalysts for
alkene–isoalkane alkylation. Catal Sci Technol 7:5810–5819
15. Kranz K (2003) Alkylation chemistry: mechanisms, operating variables and olefin interactions. Stratco, Leawood
16. Hommeltoft SI, Ekelund O, Zavilla J (1997) Role of ester intermediates in isobutane alkylation
and its consequence for the choice of catalyst system. Ind Eng Chem Res 36(9):3491–3497
17. Corma A, Martínez A, Martínez C (1994) Isobutane/2-butene alkylation on ultrastable Y zeolites: influence of zeolite unit cell size. J Catal 146(1):185–192
18. Corma A, Juan-Rajadell MI, López-Nieto JM, Martinez A, Martínez C (1994) A comparative study of O 4
2- /ZrO 2 and zeolite beta as catalysts for the isomerization of n-butane and the
alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene. Appl Catal A Gen 111(2):175–189
19. Unverricht S, Ernst S, Weitkamp J (1994) In: Weitkamp J, Karge HG, Pfeifer H, Hölderich W
(eds) Zeolites and related microporous materials: state of the art. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 1693
20. Cardona F, Gnep NS, Guisnet M, Szabo G, Nascimento P (1995) Reactions involved in the
alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene and with propene on a USHY zeolite. Appl Catal A Gen
128(2):243–257
21. Chu YF, Chester AW (1986) Reactions of isobutane with butene over zeolite catalysts.
Zeolites 6(3):195–200
22. Corma A, Martínez A, Arroyo PA, Monteiro JLF, Sousa-Aguiar EF (1996) Isobutane/2butene alkylation on zeolite beta: influence of post-synthesis treatments. Appl Catal A Gen
142(1):139–150
23. Nivarthy GS, He Y, Seshan K, Lercher JA (1998) Elementary mechanistic steps and the influence of process variables in isobutane alkylation over H-BEA. J Catal 176(1):192–203
24. Loenders R, Jacobs PA, Martens JA (1998) Alkylation of isobutane with 1-butene on zeolite
beta. J Catal 176(2):545–551
25. Mukhergee M, Nehlsen J (2007) Reduce alkylate costs with solid-acid catalysts. Hydrocarbon
Process 86:110–114
26. Stöcker M, Mostad H, Rørvik T (1994) Isobutane/2-butene alkylation on faujasite-type zeolites (H EMT and H FAU). Catal Lett 28(2–4):203–209
27. Feller A, Guzman A, Zuazo I, Lercher JA (2004) On the mechanism of catalyzed isobutane/
butene alkylation by zeolites. J Catal 224(1):80–93
28. Albright LF (2009) Present and future alkylation processes in refineries. Ind Eng Chem Res
48(3):1409–1413
29. Weitkamp J, Jacobs PA (1993) “Isobutane/1-Butene Alkylation on Pentasil-Type Zeolite
Catalysts” Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis; Volume 75; pp 1735-1738, New frontiers in catalysis. Edited by: Guczi L, Solymosi F, Tetenyi P, Proceedings of the 10th international congress on catalysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam,
30. Khadzhiev SN, Gerzeliev IM. In: Am. Chem. Soc., New York City Meeting, 25–30 August
1991, p 799
31. Gardos G, Redey A, Kovacs M, Kristof J (1983) Activity change of the H(NH 4 ), LA-FAU, Y
zeolite with the time in the alkylating reaction of isobutane. Hung J Ind Chem 11:403–407
32. Huss A Jr, Kirker GW, Keviller KM, Thomson RT (1991) Isoparaffin-olefin alkylation process. US Patent 4992615
33. Chu CT, Hussain A, Huss A Jr, Kresge CT, Roth WJ (1993) Isoparaffin-olefin alkylation
process with zeolite MCM-36. US Patent 5258569
34. Huang TJ (1983) Heterogeneous isoparaffin/olefin alkylation. US Patent 4384161
35. Guo C, Liao S, Qian Z, Tanabe K (1994) Alkylation of isobutane with butenes over solid acid
catalysts. Appl Catal A Gen 107(2):239–248
36. Corma A, Gómez V, Martínez A (1994) Zeolite beta as a catalyst for alkylation of isobutane
with 2-butene. Influence of synthesis conditions and process variables. Appl Catal A Gen
119(1):83–96
S. M. Pai et al.
11. Albright LF (2003) Alkylation of isobutane with C3-C5 olefins to produce high-quality gasolines: physicochemical sequence of events. Ind Eng Chem Res 42(19):4283–4289
12. Scott B (1992) Hydrocarbon Process 71:77
13. Hoffman HL (1991) Hydrocarbon Processing, 37
14. Singhal S, Agarwal S, Arora S, Singhal N, Kumar A (2017) Solid acids: potential catalysts for
alkene–isoalkane alkylation. Catal Sci Technol 7:5810–5819
15. Kranz K (2003) Alkylation chemistry: mechanisms, operating variables and olefin interactions. Stratco, Leawood
16. Hommeltoft SI, Ekelund O, Zavilla J (1997) Role of ester intermediates in isobutane alkylation
and its consequence for the choice of catalyst system. Ind Eng Chem Res 36(9):3491–3497
17. Corma A, Martínez A, Martínez C (1994) Isobutane/2-butene alkylation on ultrastable Y zeolites: influence of zeolite unit cell size. J Catal 146(1):185–192
18. Corma A, Juan-Rajadell MI, López-Nieto JM, Martinez A, Martínez C (1994) A comparative study of O 4
2- /ZrO 2 and zeolite beta as catalysts for the isomerization of n-butane and the
alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene. Appl Catal A Gen 111(2):175–189
19. Unverricht S, Ernst S, Weitkamp J (1994) In: Weitkamp J, Karge HG, Pfeifer H, Hölderich W
(eds) Zeolites and related microporous materials: state of the art. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 1693
20. Cardona F, Gnep NS, Guisnet M, Szabo G, Nascimento P (1995) Reactions involved in the
alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene and with propene on a USHY zeolite. Appl Catal A Gen
128(2):243–257
21. Chu YF, Chester AW (1986) Reactions of isobutane with butene over zeolite catalysts.
Zeolites 6(3):195–200
22. Corma A, Martínez A, Arroyo PA, Monteiro JLF, Sousa-Aguiar EF (1996) Isobutane/2butene alkylation on zeolite beta: influence of post-synthesis treatments. Appl Catal A Gen
142(1):139–150
23. Nivarthy GS, He Y, Seshan K, Lercher JA (1998) Elementary mechanistic steps and the influence of process variables in isobutane alkylation over H-BEA. J Catal 176(1):192–203
24. Loenders R, Jacobs PA, Martens JA (1998) Alkylation of isobutane with 1-butene on zeolite
beta. J Catal 176(2):545–551
25. Mukhergee M, Nehlsen J (2007) Reduce alkylate costs with solid-acid catalysts. Hydrocarbon
Process 86:110–114
26. Stöcker M, Mostad H, Rørvik T (1994) Isobutane/2-butene alkylation on faujasite-type zeolites (H EMT and H FAU). Catal Lett 28(2–4):203–209
27. Feller A, Guzman A, Zuazo I, Lercher JA (2004) On the mechanism of catalyzed isobutane/
butene alkylation by zeolites. J Catal 224(1):80–93
28. Albright LF (2009) Present and future alkylation processes in refineries. Ind Eng Chem Res
48(3):1409–1413
29. Weitkamp J, Jacobs PA (1993) “Isobutane/1-Butene Alkylation on Pentasil-Type Zeolite
Catalysts” Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis; Volume 75; pp 1735-1738, New frontiers in catalysis. Edited by: Guczi L, Solymosi F, Tetenyi P, Proceedings of the 10th international congress on catalysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam,
30. Khadzhiev SN, Gerzeliev IM. In: Am. Chem. Soc., New York City Meeting, 25–30 August
1991, p 799
31. Gardos G, Redey A, Kovacs M, Kristof J (1983) Activity change of the H(NH 4 ), LA-FAU, Y
zeolite with the time in the alkylating reaction of isobutane. Hung J Ind Chem 11:403–407
32. Huss A Jr, Kirker GW, Keviller KM, Thomson RT (1991) Isoparaffin-olefin alkylation process. US Patent 4992615
33. Chu CT, Hussain A, Huss A Jr, Kresge CT, Roth WJ (1993) Isoparaffin-olefin alkylation
process with zeolite MCM-36. US Patent 5258569
34. Huang TJ (1983) Heterogeneous isoparaffin/olefin alkylation. US Patent 4384161
35. Guo C, Liao S, Qian Z, Tanabe K (1994) Alkylation of isobutane with butenes over solid acid
catalysts. Appl Catal A Gen 107(2):239–248
36. Corma A, Gómez V, Martínez A (1994) Zeolite beta as a catalyst for alkylation of isobutane
with 2-butene. Influence of synthesis conditions and process variables. Appl Catal A Gen
119(1):83–96
S. M. Pai et al.