Looking for Alternatives? Split-Shots as an Exemplary Case
157
Python 2015) Today, the software package contains more than 100 modules and is
available upon request from the developer, Dr. R.Bruggemann (brg_home@web.de).
2.5 Indicators
The analysis of possible alternatives to Pb split-shots includes a series of indicators.
The indicators are grouped in three main categories, i.e., Technical and Performance
Criteria (TPCr), Environmental Criteria (ENCr), Human Health Criteria (HHCr),
and Cost criteria (Cost), respectively, where TPCr includes 5 sub-indicators,
whereas both ENCr and HHCr includes 3 sub-indicators each and the Cost
comprises 2 sub-indicators (NAS 2014a; TURI 2006).
TPCr (Technical and Performance)
dens: Density
hard: Hardness (desirable for “feel” and noise
mall: Malleability (split-shot application)
lowm: Low melting point (desirable for home production)
corr: Corrosion resistant
EnCr (Environmental)
hito: High toxicity to waterfowl (the lower the better)
toaq: Toxic to aquatic species (the lower the better)
dwst: Primary drinking water standards (MCL action level)
HHCr (Human Health)
carc: Carcinogenicity
devt: evelopmental toxicity
ocex: Occupational exposure: REL (8-hour TWA)
Cost
repr: Retail price
avail: Availability of end product
2.6 Data
Data are adopted directly from the National Academy of Science report (NAS
2014a, p180; TURI 2006 pp. 3–60 – 3–81). Here the 5 possible alternatives are
compared to Pb in a relative simple way, i.e., better, equal or worse. In the present
study we denote these possibilities by 1, 0 and − 1, respectively. In some cases
the report (NAS 2014a) states an uncertainty, denoted by “?”. This results in two
157
Python 2015) Today, the software package contains more than 100 modules and is
available upon request from the developer, Dr. R.Bruggemann (brg_home@web.de).
2.5 Indicators
The analysis of possible alternatives to Pb split-shots includes a series of indicators.
The indicators are grouped in three main categories, i.e., Technical and Performance
Criteria (TPCr), Environmental Criteria (ENCr), Human Health Criteria (HHCr),
and Cost criteria (Cost), respectively, where TPCr includes 5 sub-indicators,
whereas both ENCr and HHCr includes 3 sub-indicators each and the Cost
comprises 2 sub-indicators (NAS 2014a; TURI 2006).
TPCr (Technical and Performance)
dens: Density
hard: Hardness (desirable for “feel” and noise
mall: Malleability (split-shot application)
lowm: Low melting point (desirable for home production)
corr: Corrosion resistant
EnCr (Environmental)
hito: High toxicity to waterfowl (the lower the better)
toaq: Toxic to aquatic species (the lower the better)
dwst: Primary drinking water standards (MCL action level)
HHCr (Human Health)
carc: Carcinogenicity
devt: evelopmental toxicity
ocex: Occupational exposure: REL (8-hour TWA)
Cost
repr: Retail price
avail: Availability of end product
2.6 Data
Data are adopted directly from the National Academy of Science report (NAS
2014a, p180; TURI 2006 pp. 3–60 – 3–81). Here the 5 possible alternatives are
compared to Pb in a relative simple way, i.e., better, equal or worse. In the present
study we denote these possibilities by 1, 0 and − 1, respectively. In some cases
the report (NAS 2014a) states an uncertainty, denoted by “?”. This results in two