Indicators for Sustainability Assessment in the Procurement of Civil. . .
109
2.2 Application to Case Examples
By applying the MIS to case examples, the applicability and practicability was
reviewed. For the utilization in the procurement process the MIS must be used by
PB and EK. As stated by both departments the time exposure and data availability
are defining limitations for the practicability in the procurement process (Pankow
2018).
The selected indicators were tested on four case examples at the BWB. The
goal was to identify the most sustainable variant of three given options. For further
discussion the data was evaluated with a multi-criteria decision analysis using three
different tools: Dashboard of Sustainability, Value Analysis and Partial Order.
As previously explained the MIS requires an incremental implementation and
must be reassessed over time. In this work the partial order was used for an analysis
of the MIS.
2.2.1 Multi-criteria Decision Analysis
There is a broad variety of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). MCDA aims to
systematically analyse a complex problem to support the decision-making process
(Wilkens 2012).
The most prominently used method is a value benefit analysis. The indicators
form the assessment system to which each variant is allocated a partial use value
which can be summed to a total value for each variant (Zangemeister 1971). The
use value allocates a certain weight for each indicator. The weight can be derived
by different methods (Sartorius et al. 2017; Müller-Herbers 2007). In this work the
weights were assigned by the direct ranking method. The direct ranking method
gives each indicator a certain ranking between the indicators. Depending on the
rank a weight is appointed (Žižovi´ c et al. 2017).
The second MCDA used is the Dashboard of Sustainability (DS). With a DS the
disaggregated results of a sustainability assessment should be easier to communicate
with non-expert users in decision-making (Traverso et al. 2012). The Dashboard
of Sustainability is a free software, developed by the UN for the assessment of
the Millennium Development Goals of cities and countries (Sachs 2012; Saltelli
et al. 2005). The Excel-tool, provided by the UN, can be readjusted with individual
indicators and presents the results in a coloured dashboard (O’Conner 2003, 2012).
The indicators are normalized, and the variants are compared directly to each other
(Scipioni et al. 2009). The tool provides the option to create an own dashboard and
edit parameters (Seidel-Schulze and Grabow 2007). The variants are conjugated
to a colour range from red (critical) over yellow (medium) to green (very good)
(O’Conner 2003).
The third method is partial order. Partial order is a non-parametric method
where objects are related by the ≤-relation. In addition to this relation, a partially
ordered set is subject to the three axioms of reflexivity, antisymmetry and transitivity
109
2.2 Application to Case Examples
By applying the MIS to case examples, the applicability and practicability was
reviewed. For the utilization in the procurement process the MIS must be used by
PB and EK. As stated by both departments the time exposure and data availability
are defining limitations for the practicability in the procurement process (Pankow
2018).
The selected indicators were tested on four case examples at the BWB. The
goal was to identify the most sustainable variant of three given options. For further
discussion the data was evaluated with a multi-criteria decision analysis using three
different tools: Dashboard of Sustainability, Value Analysis and Partial Order.
As previously explained the MIS requires an incremental implementation and
must be reassessed over time. In this work the partial order was used for an analysis
of the MIS.
2.2.1 Multi-criteria Decision Analysis
There is a broad variety of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). MCDA aims to
systematically analyse a complex problem to support the decision-making process
(Wilkens 2012).
The most prominently used method is a value benefit analysis. The indicators
form the assessment system to which each variant is allocated a partial use value
which can be summed to a total value for each variant (Zangemeister 1971). The
use value allocates a certain weight for each indicator. The weight can be derived
by different methods (Sartorius et al. 2017; Müller-Herbers 2007). In this work the
weights were assigned by the direct ranking method. The direct ranking method
gives each indicator a certain ranking between the indicators. Depending on the
rank a weight is appointed (Žižovi´ c et al. 2017).
The second MCDA used is the Dashboard of Sustainability (DS). With a DS the
disaggregated results of a sustainability assessment should be easier to communicate
with non-expert users in decision-making (Traverso et al. 2012). The Dashboard
of Sustainability is a free software, developed by the UN for the assessment of
the Millennium Development Goals of cities and countries (Sachs 2012; Saltelli
et al. 2005). The Excel-tool, provided by the UN, can be readjusted with individual
indicators and presents the results in a coloured dashboard (O’Conner 2003, 2012).
The indicators are normalized, and the variants are compared directly to each other
(Scipioni et al. 2009). The tool provides the option to create an own dashboard and
edit parameters (Seidel-Schulze and Grabow 2007). The variants are conjugated
to a colour range from red (critical) over yellow (medium) to green (very good)
(O’Conner 2003).
The third method is partial order. Partial order is a non-parametric method
where objects are related by the ≤-relation. In addition to this relation, a partially
ordered set is subject to the three axioms of reflexivity, antisymmetry and transitivity