232
The major ailment linked to water pollution are gastrointestinal diseases most
prominently, diarrheal sickness (70% of deaths due to water pollution), paratyphoid
fever (20% of deaths due to water pollution), typhoid fever (8% of deaths due to
water pollution), and lower respiratory tract infection (2% of deaths due to water
pollution) (GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators 2016). But other sources such as
leakage of underground storage tank (UST) used to store petroleum, oil, and hazardous substances can contaminate aquifer with chemicals that persist for long period
for many reasons that include the following:
1. Steel product lines and fittings
2. Tank overfills
3. Leaks from dispensers
4. Steel tanks
5. Submersible transfer pump sumps
6. Fuel delivery errors
7. Leaking overfill and dispenser protection devices
8. Leaking fiberglass product lines and tanks
The health implication depends on the chemical and recipients.
Noise pollution can affect human health by the following:
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Cognitive impairment in children
• Sleep disturbance
• Tinnitus
• Annoyance
Box 6.2 Disability Adjusted Life Years explained
DALYs are common measure of overall burden of health is mathematically
calculated using following formula
DALY YLL YLD
=
+
Where
DALY = Disability Adjusted Life Years
YLL = Years of Life Lost = N × L s
YLD = Years Lost due to Disability = I × DW × L a
Where
N = Number of deaths due to condition
L s = Standard life expectancy at age of death
L a = Average duration of the case until reduction or death (years)
I = Number of incident cases in the population
DW = Disability weight of specific condition
6 Public Health
The major ailment linked to water pollution are gastrointestinal diseases most
prominently, diarrheal sickness (70% of deaths due to water pollution), paratyphoid
fever (20% of deaths due to water pollution), typhoid fever (8% of deaths due to
water pollution), and lower respiratory tract infection (2% of deaths due to water
pollution) (GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators 2016). But other sources such as
leakage of underground storage tank (UST) used to store petroleum, oil, and hazardous substances can contaminate aquifer with chemicals that persist for long period
for many reasons that include the following:
1. Steel product lines and fittings
2. Tank overfills
3. Leaks from dispensers
4. Steel tanks
5. Submersible transfer pump sumps
6. Fuel delivery errors
7. Leaking overfill and dispenser protection devices
8. Leaking fiberglass product lines and tanks
The health implication depends on the chemical and recipients.
Noise pollution can affect human health by the following:
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Cognitive impairment in children
• Sleep disturbance
• Tinnitus
• Annoyance
Box 6.2 Disability Adjusted Life Years explained
DALYs are common measure of overall burden of health is mathematically
calculated using following formula
DALY YLL YLD
=
+
Where
DALY = Disability Adjusted Life Years
YLL = Years of Life Lost = N × L s
YLD = Years Lost due to Disability = I × DW × L a
Where
N = Number of deaths due to condition
L s = Standard life expectancy at age of death
L a = Average duration of the case until reduction or death (years)
I = Number of incident cases in the population
DW = Disability weight of specific condition
6 Public Health