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– Moderation of weather extremes
– Regulation of the biogeochemical cycle
– Self-purification of pollution
– Stabilization of climate
• Regeneration processes
– Decomposition and detoxification of wastes
– Pollination and dispersal of seeds/spores
– Regeneration of soil fertility
• Production of goods
– Food
– Industries
• Life-fulfilling functions
– Aesthetic beauty
– Scientific discovery
– Serenity
Ecosystem services are important for human health, livelihoods, and lifestyles.
Conflict occurs when stakeholders have incompatible differences/values, interests,
perceptions, power, as well as goals (Castro and Nielson 2003; Yasmi et al. 2006)
(Fig. 6.1). If conflicts are unresolved or unmanaged, they are likely to worsen
(Salomé and Urmilla 2010).
Environmental conflicts include the following:
• Biodiversity conflict
• Coastal zone conflict
• Pollution conflict
• Water conflict
• Land conflict
• Climate change conflict
Disease transmission between wildlife and humans can lead to death and
zoonosis.
Coastal zones exhibit high pressures for development, management weaknesses,
and the deterioration of the environment. These conflicts are further affected by the
climate change. Harbors and ports discharge pollutants discharges in the form of
sewage and toxic industrial wastes damaging coastal environments affecting health.
The existence of pesticides and other chemicals can have an impact on the appropriateness of fish for human consumption.
Use of agrochemicals in the agricultural sector may result in food contamination
besides other chemicals such as paints, vanished, soaps, detergents, toilet cleaners,
cosmetics, contaminating environment; thereby, posing health risk to the humans
and animals. Further chemical leaching from food packaging affect the individual’s health.
6.2 Human and Environmental Conflict
– Moderation of weather extremes
– Regulation of the biogeochemical cycle
– Self-purification of pollution
– Stabilization of climate
• Regeneration processes
– Decomposition and detoxification of wastes
– Pollination and dispersal of seeds/spores
– Regeneration of soil fertility
• Production of goods
– Food
– Industries
• Life-fulfilling functions
– Aesthetic beauty
– Scientific discovery
– Serenity
Ecosystem services are important for human health, livelihoods, and lifestyles.
Conflict occurs when stakeholders have incompatible differences/values, interests,
perceptions, power, as well as goals (Castro and Nielson 2003; Yasmi et al. 2006)
(Fig. 6.1). If conflicts are unresolved or unmanaged, they are likely to worsen
(Salomé and Urmilla 2010).
Environmental conflicts include the following:
• Biodiversity conflict
• Coastal zone conflict
• Pollution conflict
• Water conflict
• Land conflict
• Climate change conflict
Disease transmission between wildlife and humans can lead to death and
zoonosis.
Coastal zones exhibit high pressures for development, management weaknesses,
and the deterioration of the environment. These conflicts are further affected by the
climate change. Harbors and ports discharge pollutants discharges in the form of
sewage and toxic industrial wastes damaging coastal environments affecting health.
The existence of pesticides and other chemicals can have an impact on the appropriateness of fish for human consumption.
Use of agrochemicals in the agricultural sector may result in food contamination
besides other chemicals such as paints, vanished, soaps, detergents, toilet cleaners,
cosmetics, contaminating environment; thereby, posing health risk to the humans
and animals. Further chemical leaching from food packaging affect the individual’s health.
6.2 Human and Environmental Conflict