132
4.2 Micro- and Macro-Environment
The term “environment” means a space surrounding a microbe, or neighborhood of
house, or the village/city where we live, or the planet earth along with space surrounding it.
Health of human body can be affected by microorganisms when recipient body
is favorable for microorganisms to live and multiply. On the other hand, human
health can be affected by changing climate or changing constituents of air/
water/food.
Understanding the microenvironment is essentially important for professionals
working in Environmental Health field. In case of glioblastoma (GBM), the most
common and most aggressive brain tumor, GBM cells coexist with normal nonneoplastic cells constituting a complex and dynamic tumor microenvironment
(TME) (Simon et al. 2020).
The human gastrointestinal tract has a microenvironment for divergent physiologic processes; the dysbiosis (also called dysbacteriosis—microbial imbalance or
maladaptation) of this microecology has a strong connection with the development
of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Yan and Li 2020).
In the absence of any fresh air, the CO 2 concentration in a vehicle interior can
increase above the ambient level. When the vehicle heating, ventilating, and air
conditioning system is operating in recirculation mode, very little to no fresh air is
ingested into the cabin interior. The transient CO 2 diffusion from vehicle cabin
depends on the microenvironment that depends on wind speed outside the vehicle
cabin, the air temperature inside the vehicle cabin, and the dimensions of the diffusing holes (Stitnimankarn et al. 2020).
Ecological health is a term that is used differently in different contexts. In medical sciences, ecological health refers to medical sensitivity due to exposure to synthetic chemicals in the environment. In the context of urban planning, ecological
health refers to the “greenness” of cities, which includes composting, recycling, as
well as energy efficiency.
The health of ecology reflected by productivity, organization, as well as resilience that characterize sustainability in the earth’s ecosystems is extremely important to human health. Transformation of healthy ecosystems to pathological
conditions is often irreversible. The breakdown of ecosystems is generally favorable
to an augment in human pathogens, scarcity of potable water, reduced crop yields,
recycling of toxic substances, compromised food supplies, and air pollution, all of
which augments human health vulnerability. Addressing the human health from an
ecological perspective depends on the social, ecological, and biophysical determinants (David 2002).
4 Introduction to Environmental Sciences
4.2 Micro- and Macro-Environment
The term “environment” means a space surrounding a microbe, or neighborhood of
house, or the village/city where we live, or the planet earth along with space surrounding it.
Health of human body can be affected by microorganisms when recipient body
is favorable for microorganisms to live and multiply. On the other hand, human
health can be affected by changing climate or changing constituents of air/
water/food.
Understanding the microenvironment is essentially important for professionals
working in Environmental Health field. In case of glioblastoma (GBM), the most
common and most aggressive brain tumor, GBM cells coexist with normal nonneoplastic cells constituting a complex and dynamic tumor microenvironment
(TME) (Simon et al. 2020).
The human gastrointestinal tract has a microenvironment for divergent physiologic processes; the dysbiosis (also called dysbacteriosis—microbial imbalance or
maladaptation) of this microecology has a strong connection with the development
of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Yan and Li 2020).
In the absence of any fresh air, the CO 2 concentration in a vehicle interior can
increase above the ambient level. When the vehicle heating, ventilating, and air
conditioning system is operating in recirculation mode, very little to no fresh air is
ingested into the cabin interior. The transient CO 2 diffusion from vehicle cabin
depends on the microenvironment that depends on wind speed outside the vehicle
cabin, the air temperature inside the vehicle cabin, and the dimensions of the diffusing holes (Stitnimankarn et al. 2020).
Ecological health is a term that is used differently in different contexts. In medical sciences, ecological health refers to medical sensitivity due to exposure to synthetic chemicals in the environment. In the context of urban planning, ecological
health refers to the “greenness” of cities, which includes composting, recycling, as
well as energy efficiency.
The health of ecology reflected by productivity, organization, as well as resilience that characterize sustainability in the earth’s ecosystems is extremely important to human health. Transformation of healthy ecosystems to pathological
conditions is often irreversible. The breakdown of ecosystems is generally favorable
to an augment in human pathogens, scarcity of potable water, reduced crop yields,
recycling of toxic substances, compromised food supplies, and air pollution, all of
which augments human health vulnerability. Addressing the human health from an
ecological perspective depends on the social, ecological, and biophysical determinants (David 2002).
4 Introduction to Environmental Sciences