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Contents
3.1.4 Passive Film on Copper......................................................... 29
3.1.5 Passive Film on Aluminum ..................................................30
3.1.6 Passive Film on Titanium .....................................................30
3.1.7 Passive Film on Tantalum .....................................................30
3.1.8 Uniform Corrosion Rates ......................................................30
3.1.9 Protective Measures .............................................................. 31
3.2 Intergranular Corrosion ..................................................................... 32
3.2.1 Austenitic Stainless Steels .................................................... 32
3.2.2 Ferritic Stainless Steels .......................................................... 35
3.2.3 Other Alloys ........................................................................... 35
3.3 Galvanic Corrosion ............................................................................. 36
3.3.3 Preventive Measures ............................................................. 38
3.4 Crevice Corrosion ............................................................................... 38
3.4.1 Preventive Measures ............................................................. 40
3.5 Pitting Corrosion ................................................................................. 41
3.5.1 Preventive Measures .............................................................43
3.6 Erosion Corrosion ...............................................................................44
3.6.1 Preventive Measures ............................................................. 45
3.7 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) ...................................................... 46
3.7.1 Preventive Measures ............................................................. 49
3.8 Biological Corrosion............................................................................ 50
3.8.1 Preventive Measures .............................................................54
3.9 Selective Leaching ............................................................................... 55
3.9.1 Preventive Measures ............................................................. 57
3.10 Hydrogen Damage .............................................................................. 57
3.10.1 Sources of Hydrogen ............................................................. 58
3.10.2 Types of Hydrogen Damage ................................................. 59
3.10.2.1 Hydrogen Embrittlement ...................................... 59
3.10.2.2 Hydrogen Blistering ............................................... 62
3.10.2.3 Flakes, Fisheyes, and Shatter Cracks ...................63
3.10.2.4 Hydrogen Attack ....................................................63
3.10.3 Preventive Measures .............................................................65
3.10.3.1 Hydrogen Blistering ...............................................65
3.10.3.2 Hydrogen Embrittlement ...................................... 66
3.10.3.3 Hydrogen Attack .................................................... 67
3.11 Liquid Metal Attack ............................................................................ 68
3.11.1 Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) .................................... 69
3.11.1.1 Requirements for Embrittlement ......................... 69
3.11.1.2 Factors Influencing LME ....................................... 71
3.11.1.3 Delayed Failure ....................................................... 72
3.11.1.4 Preventive Measures .............................................. 72
3.11.2 Corrosion by Liquid Metals ................................................. 72
3.12 Exfoliation ............................................................................................ 73
3.12.1 Preventive Measures ............................................................. 74
3.13 Corrosion Fatigue ................................................................................ 74