v
Contents
List of Figures ........................................................................................................xv
List of Tables ........................................................................................................ xix
Preface ................................................................................................................. xxiii
1 Introduction .....................................................................................................1
1.1 Economic Losses ...................................................................................1
1.2 Indirect Losses .......................................................................................2
1.2.1 Shutdown ..................................................................................2
1.2.2 Contamination..........................................................................2
1.2.3 Loss of Product .........................................................................3
1.2.4 Loss of Efficiency .....................................................................3
1.2.5 Environmental Damage ..........................................................3
1.2.6 Overdesign ................................................................................3
1.3 Conservation Losses .............................................................................3
1.4 Nonmetallic Materials ..........................................................................4
1.5 Summary ................................................................................................4
2 Corrosion Mechanisms .................................................................................5
2.1 Cell Potentials ........................................................................................7
2.2 Types of Local Cell Formations ...........................................................8
2.2.1 Dissimilar Electrode Cells ......................................................9
2.2.2 Concentration Cells .................................................................9
2.2.3 Differential Temperature Cells ............................................ 10
2.2.4 Oxygen Concentration Cells ................................................ 11
2.2.5 Metal Ion Concentration Cells ............................................. 11
2.3 Potential–pH Diagrams ...................................................................... 11
2.4 Polarization .......................................................................................... 14
2.4.1 Activation Polarization ......................................................... 15
2.4.2 Concentration Polarization ................................................... 17
2.5 Measuring Polarization ...................................................................... 19
2.5.1 Anodic Polarization ............................................................... 21
2.6 Other Factors Affecting Corrosion ................................................... 23
2.7 Corrosion Rate Measurement ............................................................ 25
2.7.1 Corrosion Rate Expressions .................................................. 25
3 Forms of Metallic Corrosion ...................................................................... 27
3.1 General (Uniform) Corrosion ............................................................ 27
3.1.1 Passive Film on Iron .............................................................. 28
3.1.2 Passive Film on Nickel .......................................................... 29
3.1.3 Passive Film on Austenitic Stainless Steel .......................... 29