The indicators are then subject to further calculation. Based on the indexed
indicator scores, the average value of each of the 26 indicator groups is calculated.
5
The score of a function is determined by combining the average values of all of the
indicator groups relevant to the function. All of a city’s function-specific scores are
added together to determine the city’s comprehensive scores. All of the cities’ scores
are then arranged from highest to lowest to produce the comprehensive ranking.
6
The GPCI is supervised and peer-reviewed by experts. The Index is created under
the GPCI Committee, comprised of five members: Sir Peter Hall, professor at The
Bartlett, University College London (Principal Advisor)
7 ; Heizo Takenaka, chair of
the IUS-MMF, professor at Keio University and director of the Global Security
Research Institute (chair); Professor Saskia Sassen at Columbia University; Professor Richard Bender at the University of California, Berkeley; and Hiroo Ichikawa,
executive director of the IUS-MMF and professor at Meiji University. Ichikawa also
serves as principal of the GPCI’s Working Group, which, organized with the
members of Mitsubishi Research Institute, is responsible for the research and
analysis, often seeking advice from expert partners worldwide. In addition, two
third-party reviewers, Professor Allen J. Scott at University of California, Los
Angeles and Professor Peter Nijkamp at Free University, Amsterdam validate the
contents and provide suggestions for improvement to ensure the objectivity of the
ranking creation process and its results.
11.2.2 GPCI’s Environment Indicators and Their Definitions
“Environment” is one of the six urban functions evaluated by the GPCI. As the GPCI
uses a large number of indicators to analyze cities, the measurement is based on a
uniform data collection and scoring methodology. For this reason, the GPCI’s
evaluation of Environment is not designed to explore in detail the environmental
situations in the target cities.
8
5 In the case of cities where data for all indicators cannot be collected, the incomplete indicators are
excluded and an average value for only those indicators for which data could be collected is
calculated.
6 The GPCI also rates the cities by an alternative “actor-specific” method, which measures the cities’
potential attractiveness to various urban subjects. For this method, cities are scored in terms of
differently organized and weighted indicators typically preferred by city actors such as Manager,
Researcher, Artist, Tourist, and Resident. The discussion in this paper is sorely based on the
“function-specific” scoring.
7 Professor Sir Peter Hall passed away in July 2014, soon after the original draft of this chapter was
presented on the occasion of the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) International
Symposium in June 2014.
8 In GPCI-2014, published in October 2014, the definitions and data sources of some of the
Environment indicators have been changed from GPCI-2013. For example, Percentage of Paper
Recycled indicator in GPCI-2013 is changed into Percentage of Waste Recycled in GPCI-2014. In
this chapter, originally written in June 2014, the definitions and the results of GPCI-2013 are
analyzed.
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H. Ichikawa and K. Sasaki
indicator scores, the average value of each of the 26 indicator groups is calculated.
5
The score of a function is determined by combining the average values of all of the
indicator groups relevant to the function. All of a city’s function-specific scores are
added together to determine the city’s comprehensive scores. All of the cities’ scores
are then arranged from highest to lowest to produce the comprehensive ranking.
6
The GPCI is supervised and peer-reviewed by experts. The Index is created under
the GPCI Committee, comprised of five members: Sir Peter Hall, professor at The
Bartlett, University College London (Principal Advisor)
7 ; Heizo Takenaka, chair of
the IUS-MMF, professor at Keio University and director of the Global Security
Research Institute (chair); Professor Saskia Sassen at Columbia University; Professor Richard Bender at the University of California, Berkeley; and Hiroo Ichikawa,
executive director of the IUS-MMF and professor at Meiji University. Ichikawa also
serves as principal of the GPCI’s Working Group, which, organized with the
members of Mitsubishi Research Institute, is responsible for the research and
analysis, often seeking advice from expert partners worldwide. In addition, two
third-party reviewers, Professor Allen J. Scott at University of California, Los
Angeles and Professor Peter Nijkamp at Free University, Amsterdam validate the
contents and provide suggestions for improvement to ensure the objectivity of the
ranking creation process and its results.
11.2.2 GPCI’s Environment Indicators and Their Definitions
“Environment” is one of the six urban functions evaluated by the GPCI. As the GPCI
uses a large number of indicators to analyze cities, the measurement is based on a
uniform data collection and scoring methodology. For this reason, the GPCI’s
evaluation of Environment is not designed to explore in detail the environmental
situations in the target cities.
8
5 In the case of cities where data for all indicators cannot be collected, the incomplete indicators are
excluded and an average value for only those indicators for which data could be collected is
calculated.
6 The GPCI also rates the cities by an alternative “actor-specific” method, which measures the cities’
potential attractiveness to various urban subjects. For this method, cities are scored in terms of
differently organized and weighted indicators typically preferred by city actors such as Manager,
Researcher, Artist, Tourist, and Resident. The discussion in this paper is sorely based on the
“function-specific” scoring.
7 Professor Sir Peter Hall passed away in July 2014, soon after the original draft of this chapter was
presented on the occasion of the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) International
Symposium in June 2014.
8 In GPCI-2014, published in October 2014, the definitions and data sources of some of the
Environment indicators have been changed from GPCI-2013. For example, Percentage of Paper
Recycled indicator in GPCI-2013 is changed into Percentage of Waste Recycled in GPCI-2014. In
this chapter, originally written in June 2014, the definitions and the results of GPCI-2013 are
analyzed.
208
H. Ichikawa and K. Sasaki