Fig. 6.3
Average standard deviation of population densities in cities in
individual groups of population size .... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... .... 124
Fig. 7.1
Outcomes of an online survey conducted in March 2014 in Japan
(n ¼ 3332) ............................................................. 129
Fig. 7.2
Standardized estimated hypothetical model. “a” indicates
significance at the 0.001 level. Dashed line indicates path that is
not significant at 0.05. (Source: Wakita et al. 2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Fig. 8.1
Illustrative framework of human health and wellness benefits
provided by metro nature ............................................. 140
Fig. 8.2
Nearby nature settings can become sacred spaces for urban
residents . . .. . .. . ........................................................ 142
Fig. 8.3
Sacred spaces are created when people engage and create within
their home community . ............................................... 146
Fig. 8.4
Sacred can emerge as users interact with each other and place to
create meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Fig. 9.1
Indicator structure of the prototype .................................. 173
Fig. 9.2
Sustainability assessment of 18 megacities ......................... 177
Fig. 10.1 Radar diagrams of EI and SEI for Montreal and an Average City
in Québec .............................................................. 196
Fig. 11.1 Forty cities and their positions in Environment and Economy
(GPCI-2013) . . ......................................................... 212
Fig. 11.2 Distribution of cities by their positions in Environment and
Economy (GPCI-2013) . .............................................. 213
Fig. 11.3 GPCI’s top four cities and their positions by the Environment
Indicators (GPCI-2013) . . ............................................. 214
Fig. 11.4 Six Asian cities and their positions by function (GPCI-2013) . . . . 216
Fig. 11.5 Six European cities and their ranks by function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Fig. 11.6 Nominal GDP score and average score of environment
indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Fig. 11.7 GDP per capita score and average score of environment
indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Fig. 11.8 GDP Growth score and average score of environment
indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Fig. 11.9 Distribution of GPCI cities by GDP indicator scores and average
score of environment indicators .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... ... 221
xiv
List of Figures
Average standard deviation of population densities in cities in
individual groups of population size .... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... .... 124
Fig. 7.1
Outcomes of an online survey conducted in March 2014 in Japan
(n ¼ 3332) ............................................................. 129
Fig. 7.2
Standardized estimated hypothetical model. “a” indicates
significance at the 0.001 level. Dashed line indicates path that is
not significant at 0.05. (Source: Wakita et al. 2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Fig. 8.1
Illustrative framework of human health and wellness benefits
provided by metro nature ............................................. 140
Fig. 8.2
Nearby nature settings can become sacred spaces for urban
residents . . .. . .. . ........................................................ 142
Fig. 8.3
Sacred spaces are created when people engage and create within
their home community . ............................................... 146
Fig. 8.4
Sacred can emerge as users interact with each other and place to
create meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Fig. 9.1
Indicator structure of the prototype .................................. 173
Fig. 9.2
Sustainability assessment of 18 megacities ......................... 177
Fig. 10.1 Radar diagrams of EI and SEI for Montreal and an Average City
in Québec .............................................................. 196
Fig. 11.1 Forty cities and their positions in Environment and Economy
(GPCI-2013) . . ......................................................... 212
Fig. 11.2 Distribution of cities by their positions in Environment and
Economy (GPCI-2013) . .............................................. 213
Fig. 11.3 GPCI’s top four cities and their positions by the Environment
Indicators (GPCI-2013) . . ............................................. 214
Fig. 11.4 Six Asian cities and their positions by function (GPCI-2013) . . . . 216
Fig. 11.5 Six European cities and their ranks by function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Fig. 11.6 Nominal GDP score and average score of environment
indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Fig. 11.7 GDP per capita score and average score of environment
indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Fig. 11.8 GDP Growth score and average score of environment
indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Fig. 11.9 Distribution of GPCI cities by GDP indicator scores and average
score of environment indicators .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... ... 221
xiv
List of Figures