Soil Microbiological Recycling and the Virome Role in a Hectare Grassland
43
terrestrial earth surface) as extrapolatable from Table 2 would mean a 8.1×10
−9 %
contribution compared with 1856 Pg C, stored in the terrestrial biosphere, or a 2.0 ×
10
−8 % contribution compared with the 504 Pg C, fixed in the plant biomass, or a 1.1
× 10
−8 % contribution compared with the 1352 Pg C, retained by soil organic matter,
or 3.0 × 10
−7 % contribution compared with the net primary C production of 56.7
Pg C year
−1 , or a 1.0 × 10
−8 % contribution compared with the net growth primary
C production (GPP) of 123 ± 8 Pg C year
−1 [71, 109, 158]. The lysogenic, lytic
viral replication switching majorly occurs in the soils, rhizo-, and phyllospheres, in
the microbially populated, space restricted, μm sized pore volumes and it appears
when compared with the net growth primary C production (GPP) as negligible. In a
space restricted pore volume autotrophic and heterotrophic O 2 , NO
–
3 , NO
−
2 , NO, or
N 2 O respiration produces microbial biomass and CO 2 that co-shapes together with
biomass ingesting animals the annual net ecosystem production (NEP), defined as
difference between net primary production (NPP) and autotrophic R A , heterotrophic
respiration (R h ) (Table 2; [22, 27, 167, 218]). The annual global NEP, estimated in
the year 1990 to about 0.8 Pg C year
−1 with an predicted increase to about 2.6 Pg
C year
−1 d towards the year 2100, varies significantly between the tropics, northern
middle and high latitudes, tropical savannahs and grasslands (TSG) and temperate
grass- and shrub lands (TGS) by contributing with maybe 31 or 8.5 Pg C year
−1
(25.2 or 6.9%, respectively) to the GPP of 123 ± 8 Pg C year
−1 , whereby the belowground biological biomass (BB), the below-ground net primary production (BNPP),
and the stocking rate (hectare per animal unit and month) may play their roles ([21,
49, 71, 256]; IPCC report 2019, https://ipcc.ch/report/srccl). The grassland C stock
decreases biological stocking rate dependent and the above-ground stocking rate of
grassland should not be higher than 0.7 sheep ha
−1 [49]. For reaching a grassland
adapted equilibrium a reduction of the present sheep stocking rate to 0.7 sheep ha
−1
would need a time span of about 100 years. Relatedly conceivable is that a returning
to a stable sustained soil biodiversity after viral shunt in the soil micropore space
may takes time, the more because soil pore structure destabilizing processes need to
be included in the speculations (Figs. 1 and 2; [9, 52, 189, 217, 239, 246, 251]).
Thus, organizing a plant demand adequate N, P, K, iron, trace element nutrition
by food securing with monocultures and by including the soil biology affords agricultural skills (Table 1; [23, 133]; more details in the following chapters: Soil Fauna
Activities in Agricultural Greek Landscapes–Plant Demand Adapted Fertilization
in Organic and Precision Farming). Iron concerned the worldwide plant demand
is about 1.6 × 10
28 g Fe and viral shunts in a hectare grassland may contribute
to the annual iron demand with 10
7 g Fe (132.3 × 10
6 km
2
× 30 cm × 4.26 ×
10
9 g × 9.4 × 10
6 g Fe ha
−1 (Table 2) × 100 ha/km
2 ). In terrestrial soils iron
is abundantly available as Fe
3+ , but the Fe
3+ absorbability of plants is limited and
needs soil biological or farmer’s support. In continuously flooded paddy fields rice
plants can be productive by having aerenchym tissue that sustains root respiration.
Under nutritional imbalance the phenomenon iron toxicity is observed, meaning the
rice plant cannot transport sufficient O 2 into the rhizosphere to keep root respiration running and to control Fe 2 O 3 respiring bacteria in forming plant uptakeable
Fe
2+ . Too much uptaken Fe
2+ can intoxify the plant [23]; more details about paddy
43
terrestrial earth surface) as extrapolatable from Table 2 would mean a 8.1×10
−9 %
contribution compared with 1856 Pg C, stored in the terrestrial biosphere, or a 2.0 ×
10
−8 % contribution compared with the 504 Pg C, fixed in the plant biomass, or a 1.1
× 10
−8 % contribution compared with the 1352 Pg C, retained by soil organic matter,
or 3.0 × 10
−7 % contribution compared with the net primary C production of 56.7
Pg C year
−1 , or a 1.0 × 10
−8 % contribution compared with the net growth primary
C production (GPP) of 123 ± 8 Pg C year
−1 [71, 109, 158]. The lysogenic, lytic
viral replication switching majorly occurs in the soils, rhizo-, and phyllospheres, in
the microbially populated, space restricted, μm sized pore volumes and it appears
when compared with the net growth primary C production (GPP) as negligible. In a
space restricted pore volume autotrophic and heterotrophic O 2 , NO
–
3 , NO
−
2 , NO, or
N 2 O respiration produces microbial biomass and CO 2 that co-shapes together with
biomass ingesting animals the annual net ecosystem production (NEP), defined as
difference between net primary production (NPP) and autotrophic R A , heterotrophic
respiration (R h ) (Table 2; [22, 27, 167, 218]). The annual global NEP, estimated in
the year 1990 to about 0.8 Pg C year
−1 with an predicted increase to about 2.6 Pg
C year
−1 d towards the year 2100, varies significantly between the tropics, northern
middle and high latitudes, tropical savannahs and grasslands (TSG) and temperate
grass- and shrub lands (TGS) by contributing with maybe 31 or 8.5 Pg C year
−1
(25.2 or 6.9%, respectively) to the GPP of 123 ± 8 Pg C year
−1 , whereby the belowground biological biomass (BB), the below-ground net primary production (BNPP),
and the stocking rate (hectare per animal unit and month) may play their roles ([21,
49, 71, 256]; IPCC report 2019, https://ipcc.ch/report/srccl). The grassland C stock
decreases biological stocking rate dependent and the above-ground stocking rate of
grassland should not be higher than 0.7 sheep ha
−1 [49]. For reaching a grassland
adapted equilibrium a reduction of the present sheep stocking rate to 0.7 sheep ha
−1
would need a time span of about 100 years. Relatedly conceivable is that a returning
to a stable sustained soil biodiversity after viral shunt in the soil micropore space
may takes time, the more because soil pore structure destabilizing processes need to
be included in the speculations (Figs. 1 and 2; [9, 52, 189, 217, 239, 246, 251]).
Thus, organizing a plant demand adequate N, P, K, iron, trace element nutrition
by food securing with monocultures and by including the soil biology affords agricultural skills (Table 1; [23, 133]; more details in the following chapters: Soil Fauna
Activities in Agricultural Greek Landscapes–Plant Demand Adapted Fertilization
in Organic and Precision Farming). Iron concerned the worldwide plant demand
is about 1.6 × 10
28 g Fe and viral shunts in a hectare grassland may contribute
to the annual iron demand with 10
7 g Fe (132.3 × 10
6 km
2
× 30 cm × 4.26 ×
10
9 g × 9.4 × 10
6 g Fe ha
−1 (Table 2) × 100 ha/km
2 ). In terrestrial soils iron
is abundantly available as Fe
3+ , but the Fe
3+ absorbability of plants is limited and
needs soil biological or farmer’s support. In continuously flooded paddy fields rice
plants can be productive by having aerenchym tissue that sustains root respiration.
Under nutritional imbalance the phenomenon iron toxicity is observed, meaning the
rice plant cannot transport sufficient O 2 into the rhizosphere to keep root respiration running and to control Fe 2 O 3 respiring bacteria in forming plant uptakeable
Fe
2+ . Too much uptaken Fe
2+ can intoxify the plant [23]; more details about paddy