42
G. Benckiser
3). Starving, especially under N shortage suffering viral shunt survivors have evolutionary adaption strategies developed allowing to switch metabolically immediately
from starving to luxurious nutritional conditions and finally bacteria grazing protozoa
and nematodes as well as cadavers and plant residue decayers, the belowground biodiversity benefit [35, 42, 172, 101, 113, 116, 119, 216]. BNF and viral shunt supported
residue mineralization narrow the organic material C:N ratios (85:1, barley, 82:1, rye,
80:1, wheat, 70:1, oat straw, 60:1, corn stalks, 29:1, pea straw, 26:1, rye cover crop,
25:1, mature alfalfa, 24:1, ideal microbe diet, 21:1, clover, 17:1, manure, 15:1, young
alfalfa, 11:1, hairy vetch, root residues (humus), on average 62.7, to a soil microbe
C:N ratio between 3 and 10:1 and supports the growth of plants, which prefer N
uptake concerned a C:N ratio of 10:1 (https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA…/dow
nload?cid…ext=pdf; [66, 137, 260]). For producing enough food for 2 cattles on a
hectare grassland the British Grassland Society recommends to spread 125 kg N ha
−1
and a stable d
15 N and d
13 C isotope ratio analysis unveils that cattles fed with a (C3)
grass-based diet show in comparison to a C4 dietary (maize silage) CN differences
in their muscle meat [12, 13]. Viral shunt nutrient fluxes may similarly feedback on
soil microbes, plants, and cattle cells as maize varieties.
About 3.3 × 10
11 bacteria (E. coli) cells fill a gram volume, 3.3 × 10
11 bacteria (E.
coli) cells, having an average cell dry weight of around 0.003 ng, and each cell in the
exponential growth phase may contain 149 ± 8 fg C, 35 ± 2 fg N, and 12 ± 1 fg P, at
starving 39 ± 3 fg C, 12 ± 2 fg N, 2.3 ± 0.6 fg P (fg = femtogram or 10
−15 g). At virus
mediated cell bursting these nutrients will flow in amounts of around 3273.5, 894.3,
246.6, 46.8, 23.4, 23.4, 46.8, 9.4 tons of easily available carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, if extrapolated to a hectare grassland, in such an environment together with
sulfur, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, NaCl plus 0.04 tons of trace elements
(fluorine, zinc, copper, stannous, manganese, nickel, chrome, cobalt, molybdenum,
boron). The surviving organismal diversity and the between 0.6 (without technically
fixed TNF) and to 12 t ha
−1 (with TNF) yielding plants benefit (Table 2; [170, 241]).
To the viral shunt related nutrient flow in the water retaining meso- (radius 0.075–
0.03 mm), micro- (radius <0.03 mm), ultramicro- (radius 5–0.1 μm), and cryptopores
(radius <0.1 μm), bulk soil aggregate hierarchy decaying plant, animal residues and
solubilized inorganic soil components contribute (Figs. 1, 2, and 3; [9, 42, 142, 239]).
The made viral shunt related estimates (Table 2) indicate that virus mediated around
7000 times more N may annually circulate through a hectare grassland than the
British Grassland Society recommends for sustaining a 12 tons per ha high grass
productivity. Grasslands soils store >10% of the global soil C and to the conversion
of the C stock phloem exudation, transudation, and viral shunt inputs seem to be
a not insignificant co-influencer [35, 42, 107, 177]. Yet apparently to the viral shunt
and phloem promoted N 2 fixation for reaching highest grass yields TNF fertilization,
manuring, or sewage sludge amendments is needed, very likely because root hair cells
(15–17 μm in diameter, 80–1500 μm in length), if not mycorrhized, have difficulties
in entering the patchy distributed soil pores, especially the micro-, ultramicro-, and
cryptopores. Assumed, viral shunts play a similar important role in the 13,963,743
km
−2 terrestrial land as in oceans [75] then the 1.5 × 10
10 g C set free by lysogenic,
lytic viral replication switching into the 93.5570.78 km
2 global grassland (67% of the
G. Benckiser
3). Starving, especially under N shortage suffering viral shunt survivors have evolutionary adaption strategies developed allowing to switch metabolically immediately
from starving to luxurious nutritional conditions and finally bacteria grazing protozoa
and nematodes as well as cadavers and plant residue decayers, the belowground biodiversity benefit [35, 42, 172, 101, 113, 116, 119, 216]. BNF and viral shunt supported
residue mineralization narrow the organic material C:N ratios (85:1, barley, 82:1, rye,
80:1, wheat, 70:1, oat straw, 60:1, corn stalks, 29:1, pea straw, 26:1, rye cover crop,
25:1, mature alfalfa, 24:1, ideal microbe diet, 21:1, clover, 17:1, manure, 15:1, young
alfalfa, 11:1, hairy vetch, root residues (humus), on average 62.7, to a soil microbe
C:N ratio between 3 and 10:1 and supports the growth of plants, which prefer N
uptake concerned a C:N ratio of 10:1 (https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA…/dow
nload?cid…ext=pdf; [66, 137, 260]). For producing enough food for 2 cattles on a
hectare grassland the British Grassland Society recommends to spread 125 kg N ha
−1
and a stable d
15 N and d
13 C isotope ratio analysis unveils that cattles fed with a (C3)
grass-based diet show in comparison to a C4 dietary (maize silage) CN differences
in their muscle meat [12, 13]. Viral shunt nutrient fluxes may similarly feedback on
soil microbes, plants, and cattle cells as maize varieties.
About 3.3 × 10
11 bacteria (E. coli) cells fill a gram volume, 3.3 × 10
11 bacteria (E.
coli) cells, having an average cell dry weight of around 0.003 ng, and each cell in the
exponential growth phase may contain 149 ± 8 fg C, 35 ± 2 fg N, and 12 ± 1 fg P, at
starving 39 ± 3 fg C, 12 ± 2 fg N, 2.3 ± 0.6 fg P (fg = femtogram or 10
−15 g). At virus
mediated cell bursting these nutrients will flow in amounts of around 3273.5, 894.3,
246.6, 46.8, 23.4, 23.4, 46.8, 9.4 tons of easily available carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, if extrapolated to a hectare grassland, in such an environment together with
sulfur, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, NaCl plus 0.04 tons of trace elements
(fluorine, zinc, copper, stannous, manganese, nickel, chrome, cobalt, molybdenum,
boron). The surviving organismal diversity and the between 0.6 (without technically
fixed TNF) and to 12 t ha
−1 (with TNF) yielding plants benefit (Table 2; [170, 241]).
To the viral shunt related nutrient flow in the water retaining meso- (radius 0.075–
0.03 mm), micro- (radius <0.03 mm), ultramicro- (radius 5–0.1 μm), and cryptopores
(radius <0.1 μm), bulk soil aggregate hierarchy decaying plant, animal residues and
solubilized inorganic soil components contribute (Figs. 1, 2, and 3; [9, 42, 142, 239]).
The made viral shunt related estimates (Table 2) indicate that virus mediated around
7000 times more N may annually circulate through a hectare grassland than the
British Grassland Society recommends for sustaining a 12 tons per ha high grass
productivity. Grasslands soils store >10% of the global soil C and to the conversion
of the C stock phloem exudation, transudation, and viral shunt inputs seem to be
a not insignificant co-influencer [35, 42, 107, 177]. Yet apparently to the viral shunt
and phloem promoted N 2 fixation for reaching highest grass yields TNF fertilization,
manuring, or sewage sludge amendments is needed, very likely because root hair cells
(15–17 μm in diameter, 80–1500 μm in length), if not mycorrhized, have difficulties
in entering the patchy distributed soil pores, especially the micro-, ultramicro-, and
cryptopores. Assumed, viral shunts play a similar important role in the 13,963,743
km
−2 terrestrial land as in oceans [75] then the 1.5 × 10
10 g C set free by lysogenic,
lytic viral replication switching into the 93.5570.78 km
2 global grassland (67% of the