Soil Microbiological Recycling and the Virome Role in a Hectare Grassland
39
have a by 2•π•r•(r+h) calculable, continuously to soil structure changes subjected
surface area (SA) then the space for with viral shunts living bacteria, archaea, fungi,
protozoa, nematodes, and through soils moving animals is huge and receives nutrients from various sources [22, 24, 239]. The rhizosphere-bulk soil continuum with
bacteriophage dominated plant rhizosheaths have narrow virus-to-bacteria ratios and
there are 1.1 to 4.2 × 10
9 virions to 1.7 × 10
8 phage carrying bacteria g
−1 soil ratio
estimates [107, 186]. Further is observed that the genetic virome diversity is higher
in terrestrial than in aquatic ecosystems.
A hectare grassland nourish 2 grazing livestock units of about 250 kg over a year,
from which each has around 8.2 × 10
13 body cells, a muscle cell share of 62%, a
bone/carcass percentage of 18.4%, and a 150–190 L large rumen (Fig. 3; [2]). Each
grazing livestock unit ingests and pre-chews grassland plants and the pre-chewed
material is transported into the rumen, which provides for an optimal functioning
ca 7 × 10
12 virus inserts carrying bacteria, 10
5 bacteria predating protozoa, and 10
5
fungi, mostly present as spores, or for 7 kg microbes a constant pH and temperature
optimized working condition (Fig. 3; [3, 87, 199]). The fresh or dried plant material
(hay) receiving rumen microflora helps digesting the incoming food and a certain
muscle cell viral shunt frequency adds to the nutrient content used for building up
muscle and all other cow cells (Table 2). The not by animal cells absorbed nutrients
are excreted, reach via excrements the grassland surface and grass plants benefit.
The grass plant biomass consists per gram out of 0.84 × 10
9 cells with a cell dry
weight of about 9.8 ng, a 70–90% water content, a leaf-root ratio of around 50–50%,
a CN ratio between 20 and 50 and is surface colonized by about 6.4 × 10
14 microbial
cells per m
2 [74, 142, 170]. Under the assumption that 2% of the grass plant and
muscle cells of the 2 cow units, nourished by a ha grassland annually burst and the
nutrients may flow viral shunt mediated into the grassland is an assumption and the
real dimension is widely neglected and unexplored. From an estimated hourly viral
shunt frequency between 0.012 and 17.9% possible nutrient flows (Table 2) in the
grassland environment the 7 × 10
17 phage carrying bacteria, protozoa and fungi
cells in a rumen, the viral shunt surviving, enterobacteriaceae like, 10
6 –10
7 phage
carrying bacteria and archaea on a square centimeter grassland phylosphere and root
surface, and the 1.7 × 10
8 phage carrying bacteria and archaea in a gram grassland
soil benefit. In addition benefit bacteria predating, NH 4
+ excreting protozoa and
nematodes in a hectare grassland from faeces droppings, plant residue and cadaver
decay [48, 97, 110, 123, 142, 169, 199, 202, 212, 228, 230, 253, 252].
On plant surfaces, in faeces droppings, and soils residing phages hosting E. coli
like cells represent in the calculations of Table 2 together with the plant, muscle
cell nutrient contents the viral shunt subjected cell nutrient flux sources in a ha
grassland, inclusively the soil faunal virus mediated cell bursting and related nutrient
fluxes. About 3.3 × 10
11 phage genome inserts carrying E. coli cells would fill out a
gram volume and whole-genome sequencing of E. coli phages identified the genera
T4virus, Js98virus, Felix01 virus, T1virus, and Rtpvirusi [138]. The dry weight of
an E. coli cell is on average around 0.003 ng and an exponentially growing bacterial
cell may contain 149 ± 8, 35 ± 2, 12 ± 1 fg C, N, P, respectively, whereas a starving
bacterial cell may contain significantly less nutrients, e.g., 39 ± 3, 12 ± 2, 2.3 ± 0.6
39
have a by 2•π•r•(r+h) calculable, continuously to soil structure changes subjected
surface area (SA) then the space for with viral shunts living bacteria, archaea, fungi,
protozoa, nematodes, and through soils moving animals is huge and receives nutrients from various sources [22, 24, 239]. The rhizosphere-bulk soil continuum with
bacteriophage dominated plant rhizosheaths have narrow virus-to-bacteria ratios and
there are 1.1 to 4.2 × 10
9 virions to 1.7 × 10
8 phage carrying bacteria g
−1 soil ratio
estimates [107, 186]. Further is observed that the genetic virome diversity is higher
in terrestrial than in aquatic ecosystems.
A hectare grassland nourish 2 grazing livestock units of about 250 kg over a year,
from which each has around 8.2 × 10
13 body cells, a muscle cell share of 62%, a
bone/carcass percentage of 18.4%, and a 150–190 L large rumen (Fig. 3; [2]). Each
grazing livestock unit ingests and pre-chews grassland plants and the pre-chewed
material is transported into the rumen, which provides for an optimal functioning
ca 7 × 10
12 virus inserts carrying bacteria, 10
5 bacteria predating protozoa, and 10
5
fungi, mostly present as spores, or for 7 kg microbes a constant pH and temperature
optimized working condition (Fig. 3; [3, 87, 199]). The fresh or dried plant material
(hay) receiving rumen microflora helps digesting the incoming food and a certain
muscle cell viral shunt frequency adds to the nutrient content used for building up
muscle and all other cow cells (Table 2). The not by animal cells absorbed nutrients
are excreted, reach via excrements the grassland surface and grass plants benefit.
The grass plant biomass consists per gram out of 0.84 × 10
9 cells with a cell dry
weight of about 9.8 ng, a 70–90% water content, a leaf-root ratio of around 50–50%,
a CN ratio between 20 and 50 and is surface colonized by about 6.4 × 10
14 microbial
cells per m
2 [74, 142, 170]. Under the assumption that 2% of the grass plant and
muscle cells of the 2 cow units, nourished by a ha grassland annually burst and the
nutrients may flow viral shunt mediated into the grassland is an assumption and the
real dimension is widely neglected and unexplored. From an estimated hourly viral
shunt frequency between 0.012 and 17.9% possible nutrient flows (Table 2) in the
grassland environment the 7 × 10
17 phage carrying bacteria, protozoa and fungi
cells in a rumen, the viral shunt surviving, enterobacteriaceae like, 10
6 –10
7 phage
carrying bacteria and archaea on a square centimeter grassland phylosphere and root
surface, and the 1.7 × 10
8 phage carrying bacteria and archaea in a gram grassland
soil benefit. In addition benefit bacteria predating, NH 4
+ excreting protozoa and
nematodes in a hectare grassland from faeces droppings, plant residue and cadaver
decay [48, 97, 110, 123, 142, 169, 199, 202, 212, 228, 230, 253, 252].
On plant surfaces, in faeces droppings, and soils residing phages hosting E. coli
like cells represent in the calculations of Table 2 together with the plant, muscle
cell nutrient contents the viral shunt subjected cell nutrient flux sources in a ha
grassland, inclusively the soil faunal virus mediated cell bursting and related nutrient
fluxes. About 3.3 × 10
11 phage genome inserts carrying E. coli cells would fill out a
gram volume and whole-genome sequencing of E. coli phages identified the genera
T4virus, Js98virus, Felix01 virus, T1virus, and Rtpvirusi [138]. The dry weight of
an E. coli cell is on average around 0.003 ng and an exponentially growing bacterial
cell may contain 149 ± 8, 35 ± 2, 12 ± 1 fg C, N, P, respectively, whereas a starving
bacterial cell may contain significantly less nutrients, e.g., 39 ± 3, 12 ± 2, 2.3 ± 0.6