80
Internet of Things (IoT)
ways of thinking about data as something to be tightly controlled. It is also expected to see
new international policies to open up the data moving further than “big data.”
The architecture of IoT is viewed as data at motion and data at rest (White paper, CISCO,
June 2014). Data initiate in the first layer from the physical devices and controllers (sensors,
actuators, RFID tags, digital identifiers, etc.), which further pass through the communication
and processing units (e.g., switches, gateways, Internet, and wire/wireless-3G/4G/5G communications), edge computing and data accumulation (SAN/NAS/cloud storage), data
aggregation and access. The second layer further processes data through “Applications of
Reporting-Analytics-Control” and “Collaboration and Process.” As IoT evolves, independent
individual networks will be connected with added security, analytics, and management
capabilities (see Figure 5.2a) to be viewed as network of networks (see Figure 5.2b).
Researchers (Scott 2014; Ferguson 2016) are demonstrating to show that existing smartphone sensors can be used to infer a user’s mood, stress levels, personality type, bipolar disorder, demographics (e.g., gender, marital status, job status, and age), smoking habits, overall
well-being, progression of Parkinson’s disease, sleep patterns, and happiness. Promoting
privacy and data protection principles at hardware level will be paramount societal acceptance of IoT services. In this section, we limit our discussions to the evolution of technology
in IoT; other challenges including security and threats are discussed in Section 5.5.
5.3 The Global Proliferation of Social Network
The Internet and its predecessors were a focal point for social interactivity. Computer networking was initially envisioned for military-centric command and control scheme, which
further expanded to a great forum for discussing mutual topics of interest and perhaps
even meeting or renewing acquaintances with other humans.
In the 1970s, CompuServe, a new avenue for social interaction, exploded onto the
consciousness by allowing members to share files, access news and events, and interact
through discussion forums. AOL (America Online) is considered as the Internet before the
Anything
Any device
Anyone
Anybody
Any service
Any business
Any path
Any network
Anytime
Any content
Any place
Any where
Individual
networks
Connected
together
With security,
analytics, and
management
Transport
Business
Earth
Other
Energy
Education
Home
Internet of things
(a)
(b)
Internet
of
things
FIGURE 5.2
(a) Wide use of IoT and (b) IoT can be viewed as network of networks.
Internet of Things (IoT)
ways of thinking about data as something to be tightly controlled. It is also expected to see
new international policies to open up the data moving further than “big data.”
The architecture of IoT is viewed as data at motion and data at rest (White paper, CISCO,
June 2014). Data initiate in the first layer from the physical devices and controllers (sensors,
actuators, RFID tags, digital identifiers, etc.), which further pass through the communication
and processing units (e.g., switches, gateways, Internet, and wire/wireless-3G/4G/5G communications), edge computing and data accumulation (SAN/NAS/cloud storage), data
aggregation and access. The second layer further processes data through “Applications of
Reporting-Analytics-Control” and “Collaboration and Process.” As IoT evolves, independent
individual networks will be connected with added security, analytics, and management
capabilities (see Figure 5.2a) to be viewed as network of networks (see Figure 5.2b).
Researchers (Scott 2014; Ferguson 2016) are demonstrating to show that existing smartphone sensors can be used to infer a user’s mood, stress levels, personality type, bipolar disorder, demographics (e.g., gender, marital status, job status, and age), smoking habits, overall
well-being, progression of Parkinson’s disease, sleep patterns, and happiness. Promoting
privacy and data protection principles at hardware level will be paramount societal acceptance of IoT services. In this section, we limit our discussions to the evolution of technology
in IoT; other challenges including security and threats are discussed in Section 5.5.
5.3 The Global Proliferation of Social Network
The Internet and its predecessors were a focal point for social interactivity. Computer networking was initially envisioned for military-centric command and control scheme, which
further expanded to a great forum for discussing mutual topics of interest and perhaps
even meeting or renewing acquaintances with other humans.
In the 1970s, CompuServe, a new avenue for social interaction, exploded onto the
consciousness by allowing members to share files, access news and events, and interact
through discussion forums. AOL (America Online) is considered as the Internet before the
Anything
Any device
Anyone
Anybody
Any service
Any business
Any path
Any network
Anytime
Any content
Any place
Any where
Individual
networks
Connected
together
With security,
analytics, and
management
Transport
Business
Earth
Other
Energy
Education
Home
Internet of things
(a)
(b)
Internet
of
things
FIGURE 5.2
(a) Wide use of IoT and (b) IoT can be viewed as network of networks.