Tropical Animal Health and Production, 25, 234–238. https://doi.
org/10.1007/BF02250877.
Olivera-Castillo, L., Pino-Aguilar, M., Lara-Flores, M., GranadosPuerto, S., Montero-Muñoz, J., et al. (2011). Substitution of fish
meal with raw or treated cowpea [Vigna unguiculata L Walp,
IT86-D719] meal in diets for Nile tilapia [Oreochromis niloticus L.]
fry. Aquaculture Nurture, 17, e101–e111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.
1365-2095.2009.00739.x.
Papadopoulos, M. C. (1989). Effect of processing on high-protein
feedstuffs: A review. Biological Waste, 29, 123–138. https://doi.org/
10.1016/0269-7483%5b89%5d90092-X.
Poopathi, S., Murugan, K., Selvakumari, J., Mani, C., Bala, P., et al.
(2016). Production of microbial bio-pesticides from waste disposal
of chicken feathers. Fermentation Technology, 5, e123. https://doi.
org/10.4172/2167-7972.1000e123.
Quisenberry, J. H., & Bradely, J. W. (1968). Nutrient recycling. Second.
Nat. Poult. Litter and Wast, Mgmt. Sem., Texas St. College,
p. 96–106.
Rahman, M. A., Khandaker, Z. H., & Khaleduzzaman, A. B. M.
(2009). Bioavailability of phosphorus and its effect on the nutrient
utilization in cattle. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science, 38,
33–41. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v38i1-2.9910.
Ramnani, P., & Gupta, R. (2004). Optimization of medium composition
for keratinase production on feather by Bacillus licheniformis RG1
using statistical methods involving response surface methodology.
Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 40, 191–196.
Ramnani, P., Singh, R., & Gupta, R. (2005). Keratinolytic potential of
Bacillus licheniformis RG1: Structural and biochemical mechanism
of feather degradation. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 51,
191–196.
Risٴel, A., & Brandelli, A. (2002). Isolation and characterization of a
feather degrading bacterium from the poultry processing industry.
The Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 29,
255–258.
Selle, P. H., & Ravindran, V. (2007). Microbial phytase in poultry
nutrition. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 135, 1–41.
Shanmugasundaram, O. L., Syed Zameer Ahmed, K., Sujatha, K.,
Ponnmurugan, P., Srivastava, A., & Ramesh, R., et al. (2018).
Fabrication and characterization of chicken feather keratin/
polysaccharides blended polymer coated nonwoven dressing materials for wound healing applications. Materials Science and Engineering C 92, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.020.
Sharma, M. C., Joshi, C., & Saxen, N. (2005). Mineral toxicity in
livestock: A review. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 75, 753–764.
Silversides, F. G., & Hruby, M. (2009). Feed formulation using phytase in
laying hen diets. Journal of Applied Poultry RESEARCH, 18, 15–22.
Sistani, K., Miles, D., Rowe, D., Brink, G., & McGowen, S. (2001).
Impact of drying method, dietary phosphorus levels and methodology on phosphorus chemistry of broiler manure. Communications
in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 32, 2738–2793.
Smith, L. W., & Fries, G. F. (1973). Dehydrated poultry manure as a
crude protein supplement for lactating cows. Journal of Dairy
Science, 56, 668–672.
Snow, A. M., & Ghaly, A. E. (2007). The nutrition value of wastewater
grown barley and it’s utilization in fish feed. American Journal of
Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 2, 168–183. https://doi.org/
10.3844/ajabssp.2007.159.167.
Takahashi, K., Yamamoto, H., Yokote, Y., & Hattori, M. (2004).
Hermal behavior of fowl feather keratin. Bioscience, Biotechnology,
and Biochemistry, 68, 875–881.
Tamreihao, K., Mukherjee, S., Khunjamayum, R., Devi, L. J., Asem, R.
S., & Ningthoujam, D. S. (2019). Feather degradation by keratinolytic bacteria and biofertilizing potential for sustainable agricultural production. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 59, 4–13. https://
doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201800434.
Tesfaye, T., Sithole, B., & Ramjugernath, D. (2017). Valorisation of
chicken feathers: A review on recycling and recovery route—current
status and future prospects. Clean Technologies and Environmental
Policy, 19, 2363–2378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-1443-9.
Thomas, J. W., Yu, Y., Tinnimitt, P., & Zindel, H. C. (1972).
Dehydrated poultry waste as a feed for milking cows and growing
sheep. Journal of Dairy Science, 55, 1261–1265. https://doi.org/10.
3168/jds.S0022-0302%5b72%5d85659-5.
Verma, A., Singh, H., Anwar, S., Chattopadhyay, A., Tiwari, K. K.,
Kaur, S., et al. (2017). Microbial keratinases: Industrial enzymes
with waste management potential. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 37, 476–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2016.1185388.
Vezey, S. A., & Dobbing, C. N. (1975). Ensiling poultry litter, cage
layer manure. In: Managing Livestock Wastes. Proceedings of the
3rd International Symposium on Livestock Waste. American Society
of Agricultural Engineers. St. Joseph, Michigan, ASAE Publishing,
195–196. ISBN: 0916150003.
Vuori, A. T., & Nasi, J. M. (1977). Fermentation of poultry manure for
poultry diets. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 18, 257–264.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00071667708416361.
Wang, X., & Parsons, C. (1997). Effect of processing systems on
protein quality of feather meals and hog hair meals. Poultry Science,
76, 491–496. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.3.491.
Wang, J. J., Greenhut, W. B., & Shih, J. C. (2005). Development of an
asporogenic Bacillus licheniformis for the production of keratinase.
Journal of Applied Microbiology, 98, 761–767.
Watcharasukarn, M., Kaparaju, P., Steyer, J. P., Krogfelt, K. A., &
Angelidaki, I. (2009). Screening Escherichia coli, Enterococcus
faecalis and Clostridium perfringens as Indicator Organisms in
Evaluating Pathogen- Reducing Capacity in Biogas Plants. Environmental Microbiology, 58, 221–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00248-009-9497-9.
Wehunt, K. E., Fuller, H. L., & Edwards, H. M. (1960). The nutritional
value of hydrolyzed poultry manure for broiler chickens. Poultry
Science, 39, 1057–1063.
Williams, C. M., & Shih, J. C. H. (1989). Enumeration of some microbial
groups in thermophilic poultry waste digesters and enrichment of a
feather-degrading culture. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 67, 25–35.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb04951.x.
Williams, C. M., Barker, J. C., & Sims, J. T. (1999). Management and
utilisation of poultry wastes. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 162, 105–157.
Xu, L., & Geelen, D. (2018). Developing Biostimulants from agro-food
and industrial by-products. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1567.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01567.
Yamamura, S., Morita, Y., Hasan, Q., Yokoyama, K., & Tamiya, E.
(2002). Keratin degradation: a cooperative action of two enzymes
from Stenotrophomonas sp. Biochemical and Biophysical Research
Communications, 294, 1138–1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006291X%5b02%5d00580-6.
Yu, R. J., Harmon, S. R., & Blank, F. (1968). Isolation and purification
of an extracellular keratinase of Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
Journal of Bacteriology, 96, 1435–1436.
Zerdani, I., Faid, M., & Malki, A. (2004). Feather wastes digestion by
new isolated strains Bacillus sp. Morocco. African Journal of
Biotechnology, 3, 67–70.
Zhang, W., & Lau, A. (2007). Reducing ammonia emission from
poultry manure composting via struvite formation. Journal of
Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 82, 598–602. https://doi.
org/10.1002/jctb.1701.
Zhang, W., Lau, A. K., & Z. S. (2009). Preventive control of odor
emissions through manipulation of operational parameters during
the active phase of composting. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B:
Pesticides, Food Contaminants Agric. Wastes, 44, 496–505. https://
doi.org/10.1080/03601230902935451.
Bioconversion of Poultry Waste into Added-Value Products
347
org/10.1007/BF02250877.
Olivera-Castillo, L., Pino-Aguilar, M., Lara-Flores, M., GranadosPuerto, S., Montero-Muñoz, J., et al. (2011). Substitution of fish
meal with raw or treated cowpea [Vigna unguiculata L Walp,
IT86-D719] meal in diets for Nile tilapia [Oreochromis niloticus L.]
fry. Aquaculture Nurture, 17, e101–e111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.
1365-2095.2009.00739.x.
Papadopoulos, M. C. (1989). Effect of processing on high-protein
feedstuffs: A review. Biological Waste, 29, 123–138. https://doi.org/
10.1016/0269-7483%5b89%5d90092-X.
Poopathi, S., Murugan, K., Selvakumari, J., Mani, C., Bala, P., et al.
(2016). Production of microbial bio-pesticides from waste disposal
of chicken feathers. Fermentation Technology, 5, e123. https://doi.
org/10.4172/2167-7972.1000e123.
Quisenberry, J. H., & Bradely, J. W. (1968). Nutrient recycling. Second.
Nat. Poult. Litter and Wast, Mgmt. Sem., Texas St. College,
p. 96–106.
Rahman, M. A., Khandaker, Z. H., & Khaleduzzaman, A. B. M.
(2009). Bioavailability of phosphorus and its effect on the nutrient
utilization in cattle. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science, 38,
33–41. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v38i1-2.9910.
Ramnani, P., & Gupta, R. (2004). Optimization of medium composition
for keratinase production on feather by Bacillus licheniformis RG1
using statistical methods involving response surface methodology.
Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 40, 191–196.
Ramnani, P., Singh, R., & Gupta, R. (2005). Keratinolytic potential of
Bacillus licheniformis RG1: Structural and biochemical mechanism
of feather degradation. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 51,
191–196.
Risٴel, A., & Brandelli, A. (2002). Isolation and characterization of a
feather degrading bacterium from the poultry processing industry.
The Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 29,
255–258.
Selle, P. H., & Ravindran, V. (2007). Microbial phytase in poultry
nutrition. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 135, 1–41.
Shanmugasundaram, O. L., Syed Zameer Ahmed, K., Sujatha, K.,
Ponnmurugan, P., Srivastava, A., & Ramesh, R., et al. (2018).
Fabrication and characterization of chicken feather keratin/
polysaccharides blended polymer coated nonwoven dressing materials for wound healing applications. Materials Science and Engineering C 92, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.020.
Sharma, M. C., Joshi, C., & Saxen, N. (2005). Mineral toxicity in
livestock: A review. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 75, 753–764.
Silversides, F. G., & Hruby, M. (2009). Feed formulation using phytase in
laying hen diets. Journal of Applied Poultry RESEARCH, 18, 15–22.
Sistani, K., Miles, D., Rowe, D., Brink, G., & McGowen, S. (2001).
Impact of drying method, dietary phosphorus levels and methodology on phosphorus chemistry of broiler manure. Communications
in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 32, 2738–2793.
Smith, L. W., & Fries, G. F. (1973). Dehydrated poultry manure as a
crude protein supplement for lactating cows. Journal of Dairy
Science, 56, 668–672.
Snow, A. M., & Ghaly, A. E. (2007). The nutrition value of wastewater
grown barley and it’s utilization in fish feed. American Journal of
Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 2, 168–183. https://doi.org/
10.3844/ajabssp.2007.159.167.
Takahashi, K., Yamamoto, H., Yokote, Y., & Hattori, M. (2004).
Hermal behavior of fowl feather keratin. Bioscience, Biotechnology,
and Biochemistry, 68, 875–881.
Tamreihao, K., Mukherjee, S., Khunjamayum, R., Devi, L. J., Asem, R.
S., & Ningthoujam, D. S. (2019). Feather degradation by keratinolytic bacteria and biofertilizing potential for sustainable agricultural production. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 59, 4–13. https://
doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201800434.
Tesfaye, T., Sithole, B., & Ramjugernath, D. (2017). Valorisation of
chicken feathers: A review on recycling and recovery route—current
status and future prospects. Clean Technologies and Environmental
Policy, 19, 2363–2378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-1443-9.
Thomas, J. W., Yu, Y., Tinnimitt, P., & Zindel, H. C. (1972).
Dehydrated poultry waste as a feed for milking cows and growing
sheep. Journal of Dairy Science, 55, 1261–1265. https://doi.org/10.
3168/jds.S0022-0302%5b72%5d85659-5.
Verma, A., Singh, H., Anwar, S., Chattopadhyay, A., Tiwari, K. K.,
Kaur, S., et al. (2017). Microbial keratinases: Industrial enzymes
with waste management potential. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 37, 476–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2016.1185388.
Vezey, S. A., & Dobbing, C. N. (1975). Ensiling poultry litter, cage
layer manure. In: Managing Livestock Wastes. Proceedings of the
3rd International Symposium on Livestock Waste. American Society
of Agricultural Engineers. St. Joseph, Michigan, ASAE Publishing,
195–196. ISBN: 0916150003.
Vuori, A. T., & Nasi, J. M. (1977). Fermentation of poultry manure for
poultry diets. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 18, 257–264.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00071667708416361.
Wang, X., & Parsons, C. (1997). Effect of processing systems on
protein quality of feather meals and hog hair meals. Poultry Science,
76, 491–496. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.3.491.
Wang, J. J., Greenhut, W. B., & Shih, J. C. (2005). Development of an
asporogenic Bacillus licheniformis for the production of keratinase.
Journal of Applied Microbiology, 98, 761–767.
Watcharasukarn, M., Kaparaju, P., Steyer, J. P., Krogfelt, K. A., &
Angelidaki, I. (2009). Screening Escherichia coli, Enterococcus
faecalis and Clostridium perfringens as Indicator Organisms in
Evaluating Pathogen- Reducing Capacity in Biogas Plants. Environmental Microbiology, 58, 221–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00248-009-9497-9.
Wehunt, K. E., Fuller, H. L., & Edwards, H. M. (1960). The nutritional
value of hydrolyzed poultry manure for broiler chickens. Poultry
Science, 39, 1057–1063.
Williams, C. M., & Shih, J. C. H. (1989). Enumeration of some microbial
groups in thermophilic poultry waste digesters and enrichment of a
feather-degrading culture. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 67, 25–35.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb04951.x.
Williams, C. M., Barker, J. C., & Sims, J. T. (1999). Management and
utilisation of poultry wastes. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 162, 105–157.
Xu, L., & Geelen, D. (2018). Developing Biostimulants from agro-food
and industrial by-products. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1567.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01567.
Yamamura, S., Morita, Y., Hasan, Q., Yokoyama, K., & Tamiya, E.
(2002). Keratin degradation: a cooperative action of two enzymes
from Stenotrophomonas sp. Biochemical and Biophysical Research
Communications, 294, 1138–1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006291X%5b02%5d00580-6.
Yu, R. J., Harmon, S. R., & Blank, F. (1968). Isolation and purification
of an extracellular keratinase of Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
Journal of Bacteriology, 96, 1435–1436.
Zerdani, I., Faid, M., & Malki, A. (2004). Feather wastes digestion by
new isolated strains Bacillus sp. Morocco. African Journal of
Biotechnology, 3, 67–70.
Zhang, W., & Lau, A. (2007). Reducing ammonia emission from
poultry manure composting via struvite formation. Journal of
Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 82, 598–602. https://doi.
org/10.1002/jctb.1701.
Zhang, W., Lau, A. K., & Z. S. (2009). Preventive control of odor
emissions through manipulation of operational parameters during
the active phase of composting. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B:
Pesticides, Food Contaminants Agric. Wastes, 44, 496–505. https://
doi.org/10.1080/03601230902935451.
Bioconversion of Poultry Waste into Added-Value Products
347