eliminate some of the corresponding unfinished protein and
uric acids.
The AAFCO stipulations necessitate that crucial waste
products that have been processed should not contain
inessential matters like nails glass and other dangerous
materials. The manure must be pathogen-free, and deposits
from pesticides and medicine residue could pose harmful
effect on the animal health (Nahm 2002). AAFCO used sufficiently treated poultry litter in the food of animals which
might not look appealing, but was found harmless, has
nourishing validity, and eco-friendly properties. Studies have
shown that utilization of poultry litter as feedstuff for livestock has produce profit when applied as fertilizer; this
practice is less commonly utilized by farmers. This method is
effective due to a crucial process of recycling of poultry
waste. Successful feed effectiveness and health of animals
that reduce the outbreaks of diseases are very crucial in
contemplating a thorough, limited production method in
animals (Rahman et al. 2009). Utilization of growth booster in
the diet of animals does not only improve the chance of saving
but it also provides a primary source of removing viable
contaminants like nitrogen and phosphorous in poultry litter
(Vuori and Nasi 1977). Nevertheless, since several growth
boosters have some metals in them, this method may seem to
upsurge the concentration of elements inherent in the poultry.
Exact preparation and feeding of foods to meet up to the
constituent of waste management policies and not to surpass
the nutritive necessities would be possibly achievable.
Excretion of nutrient in poultry litter is mostly caused by the
issue of ability to digest the minerals in the ration and ineffective metabolism (Rahman et al. 2009). There should be an
addition of feed enhancement and adjusting feeding platform
in order to advance nutrient effectiveness which could lead to
substantial reduction in the nitrogen, phosphorous and air
pollution that the poultry manure could have caused (Rahman
et al. 2009; Sistani et al. 2001).
Some of the models of these practices are: introduction of
artificial amino acid and low protein materials, which have
led to reduced manure nitrogen content by 10–27% in the
poultry usually broiler hens, supplementation of enzymes
has reduced 12–15% dry weight of the manure of broilers,
supplementation of phytase has also led to phosphorous
reduction from 25 to 60% in poultry litter, preparation of diet
corresponding to the standard requirements which has lowered the nitrogen level in compost from 10 to 15%, stage
feeding system lowered nitrogen than phosphorous by 10–
33% in the manure; utilization of raw material that are
readily digestible in feed lowered the excretion of the
excretion of nitrogen and phosphorous by 5% in the manure;
some feed production methods could expressively escalate
dry matter digestive potentials, resulting in lessened production of manure, utilizing substituents/other coccidiostats,
like ‘ionophores’ could cause severe reduction in the level of
arsenic poultry manure and the use of growth enhancers that
are non-metal and help to lower the concentration of metals
like copper and zinc in poultry manure (Martens and Bohm
2009; Silversides and Hruby 2009).
8 Bioconversion of Poultry Waste
into Enzymes and Biocatalyst
Utilization of feather-based direct protein supplement is
limited in use. The feather waste could be cooked via
steaming by application of chemical to make it digestible,
but this method is usually costly. Studies showed that
microorganisms play alternate role in order to elevate
bio-value of the poultry waste. Literature has shown that
enzymes from feathers usually synthesized by Bacillus
licheniformis stains of PWD-1 which comprised nutritive
importance in animal feedstuff are closely related to protein
from soybeans. Despite that the keratinolytic protease from
the bacteria revealed a possibility for transformation of
feather enhancement, the activities of enzyme and great yield
are expected to make this practice a suitable industrial
method (Kim et al. 2001). Bacteria that are known to
degrade feather are isolated from poultry waste. Some of
them are Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus
subtilis; they have the potential of degrading poultry feathers, thereby producing varying units of keratin.
9 Conclusion and Future Recommendation
to Knowledge
The chapter has provided a detailed information on the
recent advances in technology involved in the biological
transformation of poultry waste into useful products. Special
highlights were also provided on the significant microorganisms that are responsible for the process of biodegradation of keratin-containing substances. Typical examples of
microorganisms that possess the capability to degrade
numerous wastes through the use of keratinases enzymes
were also highlighted. Moreover, relevant information on the
modes of action involved in the biological degradation of
microorganisms were also discussed. Interestingly, the process involved in the bioconversion of poultry waste into
biostimulants, biofertilizer, bioherbicides, biopesticides,
animal feeds, enzymes and biocatalyst (Adetunji and Oloke
2013; Adetunji et al. 2017a, b; Adetunji et al. 2018a, b;
Adetunji et al. 2019; Adetunji et al. 2020). There is a need
for government and relevant stakeholder support that will
enhance the adequate transformation of waste to wealth.
This will also go a long way for effective management of
ecological and economical challenges encountered during
the management of these various wastes.
344
C. O. Adetunji et al.
uric acids.
The AAFCO stipulations necessitate that crucial waste
products that have been processed should not contain
inessential matters like nails glass and other dangerous
materials. The manure must be pathogen-free, and deposits
from pesticides and medicine residue could pose harmful
effect on the animal health (Nahm 2002). AAFCO used sufficiently treated poultry litter in the food of animals which
might not look appealing, but was found harmless, has
nourishing validity, and eco-friendly properties. Studies have
shown that utilization of poultry litter as feedstuff for livestock has produce profit when applied as fertilizer; this
practice is less commonly utilized by farmers. This method is
effective due to a crucial process of recycling of poultry
waste. Successful feed effectiveness and health of animals
that reduce the outbreaks of diseases are very crucial in
contemplating a thorough, limited production method in
animals (Rahman et al. 2009). Utilization of growth booster in
the diet of animals does not only improve the chance of saving
but it also provides a primary source of removing viable
contaminants like nitrogen and phosphorous in poultry litter
(Vuori and Nasi 1977). Nevertheless, since several growth
boosters have some metals in them, this method may seem to
upsurge the concentration of elements inherent in the poultry.
Exact preparation and feeding of foods to meet up to the
constituent of waste management policies and not to surpass
the nutritive necessities would be possibly achievable.
Excretion of nutrient in poultry litter is mostly caused by the
issue of ability to digest the minerals in the ration and ineffective metabolism (Rahman et al. 2009). There should be an
addition of feed enhancement and adjusting feeding platform
in order to advance nutrient effectiveness which could lead to
substantial reduction in the nitrogen, phosphorous and air
pollution that the poultry manure could have caused (Rahman
et al. 2009; Sistani et al. 2001).
Some of the models of these practices are: introduction of
artificial amino acid and low protein materials, which have
led to reduced manure nitrogen content by 10–27% in the
poultry usually broiler hens, supplementation of enzymes
has reduced 12–15% dry weight of the manure of broilers,
supplementation of phytase has also led to phosphorous
reduction from 25 to 60% in poultry litter, preparation of diet
corresponding to the standard requirements which has lowered the nitrogen level in compost from 10 to 15%, stage
feeding system lowered nitrogen than phosphorous by 10–
33% in the manure; utilization of raw material that are
readily digestible in feed lowered the excretion of the
excretion of nitrogen and phosphorous by 5% in the manure;
some feed production methods could expressively escalate
dry matter digestive potentials, resulting in lessened production of manure, utilizing substituents/other coccidiostats,
like ‘ionophores’ could cause severe reduction in the level of
arsenic poultry manure and the use of growth enhancers that
are non-metal and help to lower the concentration of metals
like copper and zinc in poultry manure (Martens and Bohm
2009; Silversides and Hruby 2009).
8 Bioconversion of Poultry Waste
into Enzymes and Biocatalyst
Utilization of feather-based direct protein supplement is
limited in use. The feather waste could be cooked via
steaming by application of chemical to make it digestible,
but this method is usually costly. Studies showed that
microorganisms play alternate role in order to elevate
bio-value of the poultry waste. Literature has shown that
enzymes from feathers usually synthesized by Bacillus
licheniformis stains of PWD-1 which comprised nutritive
importance in animal feedstuff are closely related to protein
from soybeans. Despite that the keratinolytic protease from
the bacteria revealed a possibility for transformation of
feather enhancement, the activities of enzyme and great yield
are expected to make this practice a suitable industrial
method (Kim et al. 2001). Bacteria that are known to
degrade feather are isolated from poultry waste. Some of
them are Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus
subtilis; they have the potential of degrading poultry feathers, thereby producing varying units of keratin.
9 Conclusion and Future Recommendation
to Knowledge
The chapter has provided a detailed information on the
recent advances in technology involved in the biological
transformation of poultry waste into useful products. Special
highlights were also provided on the significant microorganisms that are responsible for the process of biodegradation of keratin-containing substances. Typical examples of
microorganisms that possess the capability to degrade
numerous wastes through the use of keratinases enzymes
were also highlighted. Moreover, relevant information on the
modes of action involved in the biological degradation of
microorganisms were also discussed. Interestingly, the process involved in the bioconversion of poultry waste into
biostimulants, biofertilizer, bioherbicides, biopesticides,
animal feeds, enzymes and biocatalyst (Adetunji and Oloke
2013; Adetunji et al. 2017a, b; Adetunji et al. 2018a, b;
Adetunji et al. 2019; Adetunji et al. 2020). There is a need
for government and relevant stakeholder support that will
enhance the adequate transformation of waste to wealth.
This will also go a long way for effective management of
ecological and economical challenges encountered during
the management of these various wastes.
344
C. O. Adetunji et al.