expensive since it is a waste from the poultry. From their
findings they concluded that chicken feather waste in powder had great benefit similar to the whole degradation. It
helps eliminate ecological adulteration and leads to improve
self-lifespan, easy to conserve, cheap, and useful. The
method is very cheap, so it requires little funding for its
crude materials for the production of the culture media
showing great efficiency on growth of bacterial and in toxicity on mosquito vectors (Zerdani et al. 2004; Poopathi
et al. 2016).
7 Bioconversion of Poultry Waste
into Animal Feeds
Energy is the capacity to get a work done. This is crucial in
the sustainability of lifetime events comprising cell rate,
development, and physiological activities. The potentials in
a feed providing the needed energy are of great significance
in determining the nutritive value of the feed to animals.
Animal feed helps in providing maximum energy in their
diet. When there is excess energy in their diet, it might lead
to great deposition of fats and a diet which has lower content
of energy may lead to loss of weight in the animals (Boothe
and Arnold 2002; NRC 1984).
Feeding of ruminants is attributed to the utilization of
poultry waste due to its high nitrogen content which serves
as source of energy to the animals (Snow and Ghaly 2007;
Selle and Ravindran 2007). During research, it was discovered that poultry manure in its original state is made up of
70% water and 3.5% nitrogen (Berry and Miller 2005).
Extended storage time leads to increased ammonium level.
The result of their findings reveals the digestibility level of
dried poultry manure. Feeding fattening bulls with poultry
manure revealed that dehydrated manure could be utilized as
fattening feed minus changing the normal gain, feed conversion, quality of the animal carcasses, or even altering the
anthropogenic importance (Flachowsky 1997; Thomas et al.
1972).
Researchers fed cattle with poultry manure and this did
not affect the quality of the content present in the produced
milk (Berry and Miller 2005). Okeudo and Adegbola
(Okeudo and Adegbola 1993) experimented the significance
of replacing local protein constituents, groundnut with offal
dried manure from the poultry at 0, 13, 25, 35 and 45% for
104 days (El-Deek et al. 2009). They detected that there
were no practical crucial differences in the rate of growth
and then drew a conclusion that the dried poultry manure
contains protein which serves effective as local protein
supplement (El-Deek et al. 2009; Gradel et al. 2003; Cowieson et al. 2004).
Researchers estimated the outcome of adding poultry
litter (broiler manure) to the feed of Awassi sheep at varying
concentrations for 70 days (Dikinya and Mufwanzala 2010).
It was then discovered that there was no net transformation
in the gained weight, and also the meat quality significantly
increased owing to the direct reduction of the subcutaneous
and entire fat by adding poultry litter of broiler to the diets of
the lambs (Obeidat et al. 2011; Axtell 1999). There was an
increase in the white color of the red beef of those lamb that
were fed with the litter from broiler chicken. This resulted in
constant pH value, shave force, the rate at which the meat
can retain water and there was no cooking loss within the
three diets (Dikinya and Mufwanzala 2010). There was great
reduction in the population of the microorganisms present in
the litter when 60 °C heat was applied but a reverse at lower
temperature (Bernhart and Fasina 2009; Alam et al. 2008;
Amon et al. 2006; AOAC 2011; Cutter 2002; Elving 2009;
Fares et al. 2005).
Studies showed that dried poultry waste is known to have
181.0 MJ/kg that is up to the standard of energy for the
animal nutrition. This dehydrated poultry compost also
contains starch of 330 g/kg and digestible roughage of
65 g/kg. The protein present in the dehydrated poultry
compost is 422 g/kg being higher than regulated protein
intake. The presence of protein in the diet helped in the
provision of amino acids that are essential and non-essential
amino acid synthesized by nitrogen (Kim et al. 2012). The
presence of fatty acids in the diet also helped them in animal
growth, in the production of milk, especially for lactating
animals (Flachowsky 1997). The fatty acid gotten from the
poultry litter is far greater (63 g/kg) than that produced by
forage crops. Calcium is known to be important for bone and
cartilage development. It helps to stimulate contraction of
the muscle, also checking the way in which nerve impulses
are being transmitted. It also does cell membrane penetrability regulation and adsorption of key nutrients such as
vitamin B 12 found in the gastrointestinal tract. This calcium
is 0.042 g/kg in dehydrated poultry compost while absence
of this essential component in their feed can lead to rickets
(Jobling 2001).
Research was conducted by feeding poultry litter to
gestating and breastfeeding sheep. Poultry litter was then
substituted for the conventional protein sources. There were
200 g weight gains in their protein meals, poultry litter of
22% ration were fed to gestating sheep (Ghaly and
MacDonald 2012). There was 130 g/day weight gain, while
those sheep that were given soybeans meal only gained
110 g/day. In an experiment with 6 months old lambs, the
result showed that the lambs fed with 235 g dehydrated
poultry compost and 190 g wheat meal worked just like
those lambs that were served 365 g wheat meal daily (Zhang
and Lau 2007; Obasa et al. 2009). Brugem et al. (1967)
discovered that sheep fed with poultry litter of 50% ration
and 50% barley. The obtained result gave a stunning output
than those sheep that were fed with barley and 20% sawdust.
Bioconversion of Poultry Waste into Added-Value Products
341
findings they concluded that chicken feather waste in powder had great benefit similar to the whole degradation. It
helps eliminate ecological adulteration and leads to improve
self-lifespan, easy to conserve, cheap, and useful. The
method is very cheap, so it requires little funding for its
crude materials for the production of the culture media
showing great efficiency on growth of bacterial and in toxicity on mosquito vectors (Zerdani et al. 2004; Poopathi
et al. 2016).
7 Bioconversion of Poultry Waste
into Animal Feeds
Energy is the capacity to get a work done. This is crucial in
the sustainability of lifetime events comprising cell rate,
development, and physiological activities. The potentials in
a feed providing the needed energy are of great significance
in determining the nutritive value of the feed to animals.
Animal feed helps in providing maximum energy in their
diet. When there is excess energy in their diet, it might lead
to great deposition of fats and a diet which has lower content
of energy may lead to loss of weight in the animals (Boothe
and Arnold 2002; NRC 1984).
Feeding of ruminants is attributed to the utilization of
poultry waste due to its high nitrogen content which serves
as source of energy to the animals (Snow and Ghaly 2007;
Selle and Ravindran 2007). During research, it was discovered that poultry manure in its original state is made up of
70% water and 3.5% nitrogen (Berry and Miller 2005).
Extended storage time leads to increased ammonium level.
The result of their findings reveals the digestibility level of
dried poultry manure. Feeding fattening bulls with poultry
manure revealed that dehydrated manure could be utilized as
fattening feed minus changing the normal gain, feed conversion, quality of the animal carcasses, or even altering the
anthropogenic importance (Flachowsky 1997; Thomas et al.
1972).
Researchers fed cattle with poultry manure and this did
not affect the quality of the content present in the produced
milk (Berry and Miller 2005). Okeudo and Adegbola
(Okeudo and Adegbola 1993) experimented the significance
of replacing local protein constituents, groundnut with offal
dried manure from the poultry at 0, 13, 25, 35 and 45% for
104 days (El-Deek et al. 2009). They detected that there
were no practical crucial differences in the rate of growth
and then drew a conclusion that the dried poultry manure
contains protein which serves effective as local protein
supplement (El-Deek et al. 2009; Gradel et al. 2003; Cowieson et al. 2004).
Researchers estimated the outcome of adding poultry
litter (broiler manure) to the feed of Awassi sheep at varying
concentrations for 70 days (Dikinya and Mufwanzala 2010).
It was then discovered that there was no net transformation
in the gained weight, and also the meat quality significantly
increased owing to the direct reduction of the subcutaneous
and entire fat by adding poultry litter of broiler to the diets of
the lambs (Obeidat et al. 2011; Axtell 1999). There was an
increase in the white color of the red beef of those lamb that
were fed with the litter from broiler chicken. This resulted in
constant pH value, shave force, the rate at which the meat
can retain water and there was no cooking loss within the
three diets (Dikinya and Mufwanzala 2010). There was great
reduction in the population of the microorganisms present in
the litter when 60 °C heat was applied but a reverse at lower
temperature (Bernhart and Fasina 2009; Alam et al. 2008;
Amon et al. 2006; AOAC 2011; Cutter 2002; Elving 2009;
Fares et al. 2005).
Studies showed that dried poultry waste is known to have
181.0 MJ/kg that is up to the standard of energy for the
animal nutrition. This dehydrated poultry compost also
contains starch of 330 g/kg and digestible roughage of
65 g/kg. The protein present in the dehydrated poultry
compost is 422 g/kg being higher than regulated protein
intake. The presence of protein in the diet helped in the
provision of amino acids that are essential and non-essential
amino acid synthesized by nitrogen (Kim et al. 2012). The
presence of fatty acids in the diet also helped them in animal
growth, in the production of milk, especially for lactating
animals (Flachowsky 1997). The fatty acid gotten from the
poultry litter is far greater (63 g/kg) than that produced by
forage crops. Calcium is known to be important for bone and
cartilage development. It helps to stimulate contraction of
the muscle, also checking the way in which nerve impulses
are being transmitted. It also does cell membrane penetrability regulation and adsorption of key nutrients such as
vitamin B 12 found in the gastrointestinal tract. This calcium
is 0.042 g/kg in dehydrated poultry compost while absence
of this essential component in their feed can lead to rickets
(Jobling 2001).
Research was conducted by feeding poultry litter to
gestating and breastfeeding sheep. Poultry litter was then
substituted for the conventional protein sources. There were
200 g weight gains in their protein meals, poultry litter of
22% ration were fed to gestating sheep (Ghaly and
MacDonald 2012). There was 130 g/day weight gain, while
those sheep that were given soybeans meal only gained
110 g/day. In an experiment with 6 months old lambs, the
result showed that the lambs fed with 235 g dehydrated
poultry compost and 190 g wheat meal worked just like
those lambs that were served 365 g wheat meal daily (Zhang
and Lau 2007; Obasa et al. 2009). Brugem et al. (1967)
discovered that sheep fed with poultry litter of 50% ration
and 50% barley. The obtained result gave a stunning output
than those sheep that were fed with barley and 20% sawdust.
Bioconversion of Poultry Waste into Added-Value Products
341