high levels of antioxidants, such as vitamin E, flavonoids,
sterols, and avenanthramides, that provide important moisturising properties (Robards et al. 2009). Another principal
crop is rice with an annual production around 760 million
tonnes (Khir and Pan 2019). During rice milling,
by-products such as husks, bran, and germ are produced
(Senthil Kumar et al. 2010) and these are rich in minerals,
vitamins, cellulose, carbohydrates, fatty acids, proteins, and
phytochemicals (Aparecida et al. 2012) responsible for the
cosmetic properties (antiwrinkle, protection against UV
damage and preventing melanin hyperpigmentation) (Wang
2019). In addition to that, rice bran contains oryzanol, a
phytochemical with an effect similar to vitamin E in growth
promotion, hormonal secretions, and blood circulation
(Sohail et al. 2017). For wheat, bran has been used as feed,
however, it can be used for numerous biorefinery approaches
due to its carbohydrate fraction (Roth et al. 2019). Moreover,
corn by-products are rich in amino acids, minerals, and
antioxidants that are normally associated with the skin
effects reported, namely, the capacity to restructure and
strength the skin barrier, maintaining the levels of epidermis
hydration (Barrera-Arellano et al. 2019).
5 Concluding Remarks
Giving a glimpse on the available literature recently,
agri-food residues are postulated as excellent sources of
valuable bioactive ingredients with further applications in
different industries as food, pharma, bioenergy, or cosmeceutical. However, there are still many gaps and goals that
need to be achieved in order to establish successful revalorisation processes.
First of all, terms such as waste, residue, or by-products
should be substituted by others for a better consumers’
acceptability. Strategies should be aimed at the revalorisation of co-products or side streams of food production
recovering value-added substances that will be incorporated
in different items. Industries require the implementation of
new approaches to exploit the revalorisation of side streams
enabling their reuse and put back into the supply chain. In
this sense, management of industries is challenged to move
from a linear economy to a circular economy, since it
endorses the optimisation of natural resources by manufacturing improvement and reducing the amount of residues
through promotion of closed-loop processing system.
Undoubtedly, this novel conceptualisation would entail an
extra profitable economic activity for industries.
Within this framework, the development of sustainable
green technologies, which are emerging in the last years,
plays a key role. In many cases, the isolation of target
compounds is not an easily accomplished task. Most of the
co-products generated are perishable and highly fermentable
due to high moisture (80–90%) and large amount of nutrients. Therefore, a stabilisation process is required to preserve
the desired compounds and their functionalities. On the other
hand, small quantities of target compounds usually coexist
with a multitude of other components, so the extraction
process must be, as much as possible, efficient to achieve
higher retrieval rates of bioactive compounds and sustainable for not leading to an even bigger problem.
However, despite the promising evidences of the revalorisation processes, its implementation is still at micro-level.
Despite the many researches pointing out the feasibility of
the revalorisation of agro-industrial co-products, other
industrial issues such as scale up, operational costs, or viability of industrial application should be addressed deeply in
the future. Furthermore, the implementation of revalorisation
strategies in this sector requires adaptation procedures inside
the industry and the cooperation of all supply chains. Only
the industrial symbiosis enables the possibility of taking full
advanced of by-products utilisation reducing residual or
treating them effectively while novel and safe value-added
products will be generated.
References
Aburjai, T., & Natsheh, F. M. (2003). Plants used in cosmetics.
Phyther. Research, 17, 987–1000.
Akyol, H., Riciputi, Y., Capanoglu, E., Caboni, M. F., & Verardo, V.
(2016). Phenolic compounds in the potato and its byproducts: An
overview. Sci: International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
Alañón, M. E., Ivanović, M., Gómez-Caravaca, A. M., Arráez-Román,
D., & Segura-Carretero, A. (2020). Choline chloride
derivative-based deep eutectic liquids as novel green alternative
solvents for extraction of phenolic compounds from olive leaf. The
Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 13, 1685–1701.
Alfano, A., Corsuto, L., Finamore, R., Savarese, M., Ferrara, F., Falco,
S., Santabarbara, G., De Rosa, M., & Schiraldi, C. (2018).
Valorisation of olive mill wastewater by membrane processes to
recover natural antioxidant compounds for cosmeceutical and
nutraceutical applications or functional foods. Antioxidants, 7.
Altemimi, A., Lakhssassi, N., Baharlouei, A., Watson, D. G., &
Lightfoot, D. A. (2017). Phytochemicals: Extraction, isolation, and
identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts. Plants.
Ameer, K., Shahbaz, H. M., & Kwon, J. H. (2017). Green extraction
methods for polyphenols from plant matrices and their byproducts:
A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food
Safety, 16, 295–315.
Antunes, S., Freitas, F., Sevrin, C., Grandfils, C., & Reis, M. A. M.
(2017). Production of FucoPol by Enterobacter A47 using waste
tomato paste by-product as sole carbon source. Bioresource
Technology, 227, 66–73.
Aparecida, S., Faria, C., & Bassinello, P. Z. (2012). Nutritional
composition of rice bran submitted to different stabilisation
procedures. Brazilian Pharmaceutical Sciences, 48, 652–657.
Asif, A., Farooq, U., Akram, K., Hayat, Z., Shafi, A., Sarfraz, F., et al.
(2016). Therapeutic potentials of bioactive compounds from mango
fruit wastes. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 53, 102–112.
240
Á. Fernández-Ochoa et al.
sterols, and avenanthramides, that provide important moisturising properties (Robards et al. 2009). Another principal
crop is rice with an annual production around 760 million
tonnes (Khir and Pan 2019). During rice milling,
by-products such as husks, bran, and germ are produced
(Senthil Kumar et al. 2010) and these are rich in minerals,
vitamins, cellulose, carbohydrates, fatty acids, proteins, and
phytochemicals (Aparecida et al. 2012) responsible for the
cosmetic properties (antiwrinkle, protection against UV
damage and preventing melanin hyperpigmentation) (Wang
2019). In addition to that, rice bran contains oryzanol, a
phytochemical with an effect similar to vitamin E in growth
promotion, hormonal secretions, and blood circulation
(Sohail et al. 2017). For wheat, bran has been used as feed,
however, it can be used for numerous biorefinery approaches
due to its carbohydrate fraction (Roth et al. 2019). Moreover,
corn by-products are rich in amino acids, minerals, and
antioxidants that are normally associated with the skin
effects reported, namely, the capacity to restructure and
strength the skin barrier, maintaining the levels of epidermis
hydration (Barrera-Arellano et al. 2019).
5 Concluding Remarks
Giving a glimpse on the available literature recently,
agri-food residues are postulated as excellent sources of
valuable bioactive ingredients with further applications in
different industries as food, pharma, bioenergy, or cosmeceutical. However, there are still many gaps and goals that
need to be achieved in order to establish successful revalorisation processes.
First of all, terms such as waste, residue, or by-products
should be substituted by others for a better consumers’
acceptability. Strategies should be aimed at the revalorisation of co-products or side streams of food production
recovering value-added substances that will be incorporated
in different items. Industries require the implementation of
new approaches to exploit the revalorisation of side streams
enabling their reuse and put back into the supply chain. In
this sense, management of industries is challenged to move
from a linear economy to a circular economy, since it
endorses the optimisation of natural resources by manufacturing improvement and reducing the amount of residues
through promotion of closed-loop processing system.
Undoubtedly, this novel conceptualisation would entail an
extra profitable economic activity for industries.
Within this framework, the development of sustainable
green technologies, which are emerging in the last years,
plays a key role. In many cases, the isolation of target
compounds is not an easily accomplished task. Most of the
co-products generated are perishable and highly fermentable
due to high moisture (80–90%) and large amount of nutrients. Therefore, a stabilisation process is required to preserve
the desired compounds and their functionalities. On the other
hand, small quantities of target compounds usually coexist
with a multitude of other components, so the extraction
process must be, as much as possible, efficient to achieve
higher retrieval rates of bioactive compounds and sustainable for not leading to an even bigger problem.
However, despite the promising evidences of the revalorisation processes, its implementation is still at micro-level.
Despite the many researches pointing out the feasibility of
the revalorisation of agro-industrial co-products, other
industrial issues such as scale up, operational costs, or viability of industrial application should be addressed deeply in
the future. Furthermore, the implementation of revalorisation
strategies in this sector requires adaptation procedures inside
the industry and the cooperation of all supply chains. Only
the industrial symbiosis enables the possibility of taking full
advanced of by-products utilisation reducing residual or
treating them effectively while novel and safe value-added
products will be generated.
References
Aburjai, T., & Natsheh, F. M. (2003). Plants used in cosmetics.
Phyther. Research, 17, 987–1000.
Akyol, H., Riciputi, Y., Capanoglu, E., Caboni, M. F., & Verardo, V.
(2016). Phenolic compounds in the potato and its byproducts: An
overview. Sci: International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
Alañón, M. E., Ivanović, M., Gómez-Caravaca, A. M., Arráez-Román,
D., & Segura-Carretero, A. (2020). Choline chloride
derivative-based deep eutectic liquids as novel green alternative
solvents for extraction of phenolic compounds from olive leaf. The
Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 13, 1685–1701.
Alfano, A., Corsuto, L., Finamore, R., Savarese, M., Ferrara, F., Falco,
S., Santabarbara, G., De Rosa, M., & Schiraldi, C. (2018).
Valorisation of olive mill wastewater by membrane processes to
recover natural antioxidant compounds for cosmeceutical and
nutraceutical applications or functional foods. Antioxidants, 7.
Altemimi, A., Lakhssassi, N., Baharlouei, A., Watson, D. G., &
Lightfoot, D. A. (2017). Phytochemicals: Extraction, isolation, and
identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts. Plants.
Ameer, K., Shahbaz, H. M., & Kwon, J. H. (2017). Green extraction
methods for polyphenols from plant matrices and their byproducts:
A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food
Safety, 16, 295–315.
Antunes, S., Freitas, F., Sevrin, C., Grandfils, C., & Reis, M. A. M.
(2017). Production of FucoPol by Enterobacter A47 using waste
tomato paste by-product as sole carbon source. Bioresource
Technology, 227, 66–73.
Aparecida, S., Faria, C., & Bassinello, P. Z. (2012). Nutritional
composition of rice bran submitted to different stabilisation
procedures. Brazilian Pharmaceutical Sciences, 48, 652–657.
Asif, A., Farooq, U., Akram, K., Hayat, Z., Shafi, A., Sarfraz, F., et al.
(2016). Therapeutic potentials of bioactive compounds from mango
fruit wastes. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 53, 102–112.
240
Á. Fernández-Ochoa et al.