to some other catalysts, but the main advantage of this catalyst was its capability to be reused several times by maintaining the efficiency.
Bonardd et al. (2019) prepared a series of bionanocomposites containing different amounts of Au nanoparticles
with a catalytic performance for the conversion of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol. Taking into account the interaction between AuCl 4
– complexes with amino functional
groups of the chitosan, it was used as both reducing and
stabilizing agents for the in situ preparation of the Au
nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared
bionanocomposites depends on the amount of Au nanoparticles, whereas by enhancing the content of Au nanoparticles
from 10 to 40 wt%, the rate constant of the reduction reaction enhanced from 48 to 75 1/s.
6 Concluding Remarks
Daily life is encompassed by a wide variety of
polymer-based composites and those derived from natural
resources are of great importance. Over time, population
growth and depletion of petroleum resources have forced
humans to turn to renewable resources. One of the most
accessible and affordable natural materials is polysaccharides, which may be the best replacement for the
petroleum-based polymers. The Earth is plenteous of
polysaccharides and they could be exploited from animals,
microorganisms, plants, or any other natural source and they
have the potential to be used instead of petrochemicals in
different sectors. They may appear in either natural or
modified forms. As was discussed in detail, their combination with organic/inorganic nanomaterials leads to
high-demand bionanocomposites with a wide range of
applications, e.g., medical, water treatment, catalysis, packaging, etc. Some examples of recent works were brought in
this regard, in which satisfactory performance was observed
for the related application. In addition to their
cost-effectiveness, they proposed the opportunity to pay
more attention to green chemistry. Indeed, this would be a
road to convert cheap and in some cases wastes to
value-added products. However, the declared examples have
been carried out in the laboratory and it seems more studies
and trials need to be done to industrialize them for the
practical applications.
Acknowledgments We thank Research Affairs Division Isfahan
University of Technology (IUT) Isfahan, I. R. Iran, Iran National Science Foundation (project number: 98015191), and National Elite
Foundation for the financial support. The authors also wish to
acknowledge Dr. F. Tabesh and Ms. E. Azadi for their comments.
References
Abbasian, M., Hasanzadeh, P., Mahmoodzadeh, F., & Salehi, R.
(2020). Novel cationic cellulose-based nanocomposites for targeted
delivery of methotrexate to breast cancer cells. Journal of Macromolecular Science A, 57(2), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/
10601325.2019.1673174.
Abolghassem, S., Molaei, S., & Javanshir, S. (2019). Preparation of
a-chitin-based nanocomposite as an effective biocatalyst for
microwave aided domino reaction. Heliyon, 5(7), e02036. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02036.
Alhokbany, N., Ahama, T., Naushad, M., & Alshehri, S. M. (2019). Ag
NPs embedded N-doped highly porous carbon derived from
chitosan based hydrogel as catalysts for the reduction of
4-nitrophenol. Composites Part B: Engineering, 173, 106950.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.106950.
Amin, A. M. M., Mohd Sauid, S., & Ku Hamid, K. H. (2015).
Polymer-starch blend biodegradable plastics: An overview.
Advanced Materials Research, 1113, 93–98. https://doi.org/10.
4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1113.93.2.
Arasukumar, B., Prabakaran, G., Gunalan, B., & Moovendhan, M.
(2019). Chemical composition, structural features, surface morphology and bioactivities of chitosan derivatives from lobster
(Thenus unimaculatus) shells. International Journal of Biological
Macromolecules, 135, 1237–1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijbiomac.2019.06.033.
Arora, B., Bhatia, R., & Attri, P. (2018). Bionanocomposites: Green
materials for a sustainable future. In: C. M. Hussain, & A.
K. Mishra (Eds.) New polymer nanocomposites for environmental
remediation (pp. 699–672). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811033-1.00027-5.
Asgharnasl, S., Eivazzadeh-Keihan, R., Radinekiyan, F., & Maleki, A.
(2020). Preparation of a novel magnetic bionanocomposite based on
factionalized chitosan by creatine and its application in the synthesis
of
polyhydroquinoline,
1,
4-dyhdropyridine
and
1,
8-dioxo-decahydroacridine derivatives. International Journal of
Biological Macromolecules, 144, 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijbiomac.2019.12.059.
Badruddoza, A. Z. M., Shawon, Z. B. Z., Tay, W. J. D., Hidajat, K., &
Uddin, M. S. (2013). Fe 3 O 4 /cyclodextrin polymer nanocomposites
for selective heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater.
Carbohydrate Polymers, 91(1), 322–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
carbpol.2012.08.030.
Bagal-Kestwal, D. R., Pan, M., & Chiang, B. H. (2019). Processing
methods for bionanocomposites. In: P. M. Visakh, O. Bayraktar, &
G. Menon (Eds.), Bio monomers for green polymeric composite
materials (pp. 25–55). New Jersey, USA:Wiley. https://doi.org/10.
1002/9781119301714.ch2.
BeMiller, J. N. (2018). Carbohydrate chemistry for food scientists.
Cambridge, UK: Elsevier.
Beydoun, K., & Klankermayer, J. (2020). Efficient plastic waste
recycling to value-added products by integrated biomass processing.
Chemsuschem, 13, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201902880.
Bonardd, S., Saldías, C., Ramírez, O., Radić, D., Recio, F. J., Urzúa,
M., et al. (2019). A novel environmentally friendly method in solid
phase for in situ synthesis of chitosan-gold bionanocomposites with
catalytic applications. Carbohydrate Polymers, 207, 533–541.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.009.
Bouttier-Figueroa, D., & Sotelo-Lerma, M. (2019). Fabrication and
characterization of an eco-friendly antibacterial nanocomposite of
galactomannan/ZnO by in situ chemical co-precipitation method.
Composite Interfaces, 26(2), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/
09276440.2018.1472457.
Bionanocomposites Derived from Polysaccharides …
211
Bonardd et al. (2019) prepared a series of bionanocomposites containing different amounts of Au nanoparticles
with a catalytic performance for the conversion of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol. Taking into account the interaction between AuCl 4
– complexes with amino functional
groups of the chitosan, it was used as both reducing and
stabilizing agents for the in situ preparation of the Au
nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared
bionanocomposites depends on the amount of Au nanoparticles, whereas by enhancing the content of Au nanoparticles
from 10 to 40 wt%, the rate constant of the reduction reaction enhanced from 48 to 75 1/s.
6 Concluding Remarks
Daily life is encompassed by a wide variety of
polymer-based composites and those derived from natural
resources are of great importance. Over time, population
growth and depletion of petroleum resources have forced
humans to turn to renewable resources. One of the most
accessible and affordable natural materials is polysaccharides, which may be the best replacement for the
petroleum-based polymers. The Earth is plenteous of
polysaccharides and they could be exploited from animals,
microorganisms, plants, or any other natural source and they
have the potential to be used instead of petrochemicals in
different sectors. They may appear in either natural or
modified forms. As was discussed in detail, their combination with organic/inorganic nanomaterials leads to
high-demand bionanocomposites with a wide range of
applications, e.g., medical, water treatment, catalysis, packaging, etc. Some examples of recent works were brought in
this regard, in which satisfactory performance was observed
for the related application. In addition to their
cost-effectiveness, they proposed the opportunity to pay
more attention to green chemistry. Indeed, this would be a
road to convert cheap and in some cases wastes to
value-added products. However, the declared examples have
been carried out in the laboratory and it seems more studies
and trials need to be done to industrialize them for the
practical applications.
Acknowledgments We thank Research Affairs Division Isfahan
University of Technology (IUT) Isfahan, I. R. Iran, Iran National Science Foundation (project number: 98015191), and National Elite
Foundation for the financial support. The authors also wish to
acknowledge Dr. F. Tabesh and Ms. E. Azadi for their comments.
References
Abbasian, M., Hasanzadeh, P., Mahmoodzadeh, F., & Salehi, R.
(2020). Novel cationic cellulose-based nanocomposites for targeted
delivery of methotrexate to breast cancer cells. Journal of Macromolecular Science A, 57(2), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/
10601325.2019.1673174.
Abolghassem, S., Molaei, S., & Javanshir, S. (2019). Preparation of
a-chitin-based nanocomposite as an effective biocatalyst for
microwave aided domino reaction. Heliyon, 5(7), e02036. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02036.
Alhokbany, N., Ahama, T., Naushad, M., & Alshehri, S. M. (2019). Ag
NPs embedded N-doped highly porous carbon derived from
chitosan based hydrogel as catalysts for the reduction of
4-nitrophenol. Composites Part B: Engineering, 173, 106950.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.106950.
Amin, A. M. M., Mohd Sauid, S., & Ku Hamid, K. H. (2015).
Polymer-starch blend biodegradable plastics: An overview.
Advanced Materials Research, 1113, 93–98. https://doi.org/10.
4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1113.93.2.
Arasukumar, B., Prabakaran, G., Gunalan, B., & Moovendhan, M.
(2019). Chemical composition, structural features, surface morphology and bioactivities of chitosan derivatives from lobster
(Thenus unimaculatus) shells. International Journal of Biological
Macromolecules, 135, 1237–1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijbiomac.2019.06.033.
Arora, B., Bhatia, R., & Attri, P. (2018). Bionanocomposites: Green
materials for a sustainable future. In: C. M. Hussain, & A.
K. Mishra (Eds.) New polymer nanocomposites for environmental
remediation (pp. 699–672). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811033-1.00027-5.
Asgharnasl, S., Eivazzadeh-Keihan, R., Radinekiyan, F., & Maleki, A.
(2020). Preparation of a novel magnetic bionanocomposite based on
factionalized chitosan by creatine and its application in the synthesis
of
polyhydroquinoline,
1,
4-dyhdropyridine
and
1,
8-dioxo-decahydroacridine derivatives. International Journal of
Biological Macromolecules, 144, 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijbiomac.2019.12.059.
Badruddoza, A. Z. M., Shawon, Z. B. Z., Tay, W. J. D., Hidajat, K., &
Uddin, M. S. (2013). Fe 3 O 4 /cyclodextrin polymer nanocomposites
for selective heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater.
Carbohydrate Polymers, 91(1), 322–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
carbpol.2012.08.030.
Bagal-Kestwal, D. R., Pan, M., & Chiang, B. H. (2019). Processing
methods for bionanocomposites. In: P. M. Visakh, O. Bayraktar, &
G. Menon (Eds.), Bio monomers for green polymeric composite
materials (pp. 25–55). New Jersey, USA:Wiley. https://doi.org/10.
1002/9781119301714.ch2.
BeMiller, J. N. (2018). Carbohydrate chemistry for food scientists.
Cambridge, UK: Elsevier.
Beydoun, K., & Klankermayer, J. (2020). Efficient plastic waste
recycling to value-added products by integrated biomass processing.
Chemsuschem, 13, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201902880.
Bonardd, S., Saldías, C., Ramírez, O., Radić, D., Recio, F. J., Urzúa,
M., et al. (2019). A novel environmentally friendly method in solid
phase for in situ synthesis of chitosan-gold bionanocomposites with
catalytic applications. Carbohydrate Polymers, 207, 533–541.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.009.
Bouttier-Figueroa, D., & Sotelo-Lerma, M. (2019). Fabrication and
characterization of an eco-friendly antibacterial nanocomposite of
galactomannan/ZnO by in situ chemical co-precipitation method.
Composite Interfaces, 26(2), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/
09276440.2018.1472457.
Bionanocomposites Derived from Polysaccharides …
211