FVW residue by the introduction of phosphate groups
improved the adsorbent potential at lower pH levels. Heavy
metals (Cr, Pb, and Ni) could be removed from polluted
sewage sludge using citric acid derived from pineapple
waste fermented with A. niger before their disposal sites.
Pineapple waste water was also used as a low-cost nutrient
substitute for Acinetobacter haemolyticus, which was used
to minimize the concentration of chromium VI. Orange peels
can also be exploited as cost-effective and environmentally
responsive adsorbents to absorb dyes from contaminated
water. Citrus fruit oil (D-limonene) shows detoxifying and
antioxidant properties by increasing the level of glutathione
S-transferase in the liver. The citrus fruit oil could be used as
a feed additive to partly ameliorate aflatoxicosis (Wadhwa
et al. 2015). Saygili et al. reported the bioconversion of
grape processing waste for the production of activated carbon and are applied in anionic and cationic dye adsorption.
The adsorption capacity was found to be comparatively high
than commercial and agro-waste-based carbonaceous materials (Sayğılı et al. 2015).
2.2.4 Bioplastics
Biopolymers currently have a wide variety of applications in
the automotive sector; they are biodegradable and non-toxic
in nature. The residues left after the extraction of coconut
water, papaya juice, and muskmelon juice have been used as
a substrate (carbon source) in the production of bacterial
cellulose, which can then be used for bioplastic development. In recent years, FVW have been used for the manufacture of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biopolymer that
can be used as a biodegradable thermoplastic. It is commonly used in various areas, such as food, pharmaceuticals,
chemicals, and cosmetics industries. Omar et al. 2001 used
the date syrup as a base for the synthesis of PHB using
Bacillus megaterium. Rusendi and Sheppard identified the
use of potato waste from the potato chip manufacturing plant
to generate PHB. Corn starch or potato waste is first
hydrolyzed to produce glucose using high-temperature
amylase and glucoamylase. Lactobacillus is used to ferment glucose into lactic acid, and then lactic acid(equal
quantities of hydroxyl and carboxyl forms) can be
self-condensed to form linear thermoplastic polyester polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable material. These can be
used as time-consuming release coatings for fertilizers,
pesticides, and agricultural mulch films that decay in the soil.
Another useful use of polysaccharides derived from industrial waste tomatoes and granadilla peels is the production of
a biodegradable film.
A green approach for the preparation of biopolymer
polyhydroxybutyrate from potato waste originated from
processing units has been investigated. This process includes
the enzymatic conversion of potato starch into a condensed
glucose solution (glucose concentration–208 mg/mL)
followed by fermentation. Potato waste was utilized as a
starch source while barley malt was used as an amylase
source for bioplastic production. Lactic acid can be effectively used as a raw material for the industrial production of
polylactic acid. The properties of PLA are significantly
improved if only L-shaped lactic acid is present. Microbiological synthesis of lactic acid is preferred in this situation.
The cheaper substrates for the production of lactic acid are
agricultural waste containing starch, cellulose, and hemicellulose, which may be first enzymatically converted into
soluble sugar, and then microbial L(+)-lactic acid is synthesized (Stabnikova O, Wang J, Ivanov V. Value-Added
Biotechnological Products from Organic Wastes. vol.
10 2010). The production of bioplastics from urban FVW
particularly tomato waste was reported. The composite film
was produced by formulating polyvinyl alcohol with
post-harvested tomato waste powder (Ramos and Swart
2017).
2.3 Bioenergy Products
In the fruit and vegetable industry, the normal advancement
like minimization, recycling, feeding, composting,
closed-loop growth, or conversion could be accomplished.
Currently, there are only a few options for recycling these
materials, so that it contaminates the environment to a great
extent. Transportation costs and distribution issues of these
materials have resulted in bulk wastage of fruit and vegetable. These FVW can be utilized for producing alternative
bioenergy for future generations.
Biomass can also be transformed into bioenergy through
a biorefinery technology enhancement approach. This biomass upgrade approach involves initial isolation and fractionation, liquefaction, pyrolysis, hydrolysis, fermentation,
and gasification. Bioenergy is commonly referred to as solid,
liquid, or gaseous fuels, which emerge to be used as an
energy source, e.g. bioethanol or biodiesel, and are primarily
derived from biorenewables. For bioenergy processing,
biorefineries should have several advantages because of
diverse biomass and they produce a variety of specific end
products. Due to environmental concerns, the development
of biodiesel through an integrated biorefinery approach has
gained high interest in recent years (Arevalo-gallegos et al.
2017).
2.3.1 Bioethanol
Many studies are available on the production of bioethanol
from different FVW using S. cerevisiae. FVW can be
directly used for microbial growth or after sufficient treatment with biocatalyst for bioenergy production. The commodities derived from perishable waste may be processed
into liquid and gaseous forms of biofuels. FVW containing
186
R. Reshmy et al.
improved the adsorbent potential at lower pH levels. Heavy
metals (Cr, Pb, and Ni) could be removed from polluted
sewage sludge using citric acid derived from pineapple
waste fermented with A. niger before their disposal sites.
Pineapple waste water was also used as a low-cost nutrient
substitute for Acinetobacter haemolyticus, which was used
to minimize the concentration of chromium VI. Orange peels
can also be exploited as cost-effective and environmentally
responsive adsorbents to absorb dyes from contaminated
water. Citrus fruit oil (D-limonene) shows detoxifying and
antioxidant properties by increasing the level of glutathione
S-transferase in the liver. The citrus fruit oil could be used as
a feed additive to partly ameliorate aflatoxicosis (Wadhwa
et al. 2015). Saygili et al. reported the bioconversion of
grape processing waste for the production of activated carbon and are applied in anionic and cationic dye adsorption.
The adsorption capacity was found to be comparatively high
than commercial and agro-waste-based carbonaceous materials (Sayğılı et al. 2015).
2.2.4 Bioplastics
Biopolymers currently have a wide variety of applications in
the automotive sector; they are biodegradable and non-toxic
in nature. The residues left after the extraction of coconut
water, papaya juice, and muskmelon juice have been used as
a substrate (carbon source) in the production of bacterial
cellulose, which can then be used for bioplastic development. In recent years, FVW have been used for the manufacture of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biopolymer that
can be used as a biodegradable thermoplastic. It is commonly used in various areas, such as food, pharmaceuticals,
chemicals, and cosmetics industries. Omar et al. 2001 used
the date syrup as a base for the synthesis of PHB using
Bacillus megaterium. Rusendi and Sheppard identified the
use of potato waste from the potato chip manufacturing plant
to generate PHB. Corn starch or potato waste is first
hydrolyzed to produce glucose using high-temperature
amylase and glucoamylase. Lactobacillus is used to ferment glucose into lactic acid, and then lactic acid(equal
quantities of hydroxyl and carboxyl forms) can be
self-condensed to form linear thermoplastic polyester polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable material. These can be
used as time-consuming release coatings for fertilizers,
pesticides, and agricultural mulch films that decay in the soil.
Another useful use of polysaccharides derived from industrial waste tomatoes and granadilla peels is the production of
a biodegradable film.
A green approach for the preparation of biopolymer
polyhydroxybutyrate from potato waste originated from
processing units has been investigated. This process includes
the enzymatic conversion of potato starch into a condensed
glucose solution (glucose concentration–208 mg/mL)
followed by fermentation. Potato waste was utilized as a
starch source while barley malt was used as an amylase
source for bioplastic production. Lactic acid can be effectively used as a raw material for the industrial production of
polylactic acid. The properties of PLA are significantly
improved if only L-shaped lactic acid is present. Microbiological synthesis of lactic acid is preferred in this situation.
The cheaper substrates for the production of lactic acid are
agricultural waste containing starch, cellulose, and hemicellulose, which may be first enzymatically converted into
soluble sugar, and then microbial L(+)-lactic acid is synthesized (Stabnikova O, Wang J, Ivanov V. Value-Added
Biotechnological Products from Organic Wastes. vol.
10 2010). The production of bioplastics from urban FVW
particularly tomato waste was reported. The composite film
was produced by formulating polyvinyl alcohol with
post-harvested tomato waste powder (Ramos and Swart
2017).
2.3 Bioenergy Products
In the fruit and vegetable industry, the normal advancement
like minimization, recycling, feeding, composting,
closed-loop growth, or conversion could be accomplished.
Currently, there are only a few options for recycling these
materials, so that it contaminates the environment to a great
extent. Transportation costs and distribution issues of these
materials have resulted in bulk wastage of fruit and vegetable. These FVW can be utilized for producing alternative
bioenergy for future generations.
Biomass can also be transformed into bioenergy through
a biorefinery technology enhancement approach. This biomass upgrade approach involves initial isolation and fractionation, liquefaction, pyrolysis, hydrolysis, fermentation,
and gasification. Bioenergy is commonly referred to as solid,
liquid, or gaseous fuels, which emerge to be used as an
energy source, e.g. bioethanol or biodiesel, and are primarily
derived from biorenewables. For bioenergy processing,
biorefineries should have several advantages because of
diverse biomass and they produce a variety of specific end
products. Due to environmental concerns, the development
of biodiesel through an integrated biorefinery approach has
gained high interest in recent years (Arevalo-gallegos et al.
2017).
2.3.1 Bioethanol
Many studies are available on the production of bioethanol
from different FVW using S. cerevisiae. FVW can be
directly used for microbial growth or after sufficient treatment with biocatalyst for bioenergy production. The commodities derived from perishable waste may be processed
into liquid and gaseous forms of biofuels. FVW containing
186
R. Reshmy et al.