also catalyzed. Polycarbonate synthesis by utilizing metal
catalyzing CO 2 and epoxide copolymerization is a convenient path to use CO 2 (Mushtaq et al. 2014c; Sagir et al.
2014c; Thakur et al. 2018).
2.2 C–H Bond Formation
Formic acid is an important intermediate chemical and
essential agricultural, commonly used industrially. The
organic synthesis is closely linked to the current phenomenon in green chemistry, through catalytic hydrogenation and CO 2 . As a novel substitute for the current fuel
option, methanol is now an essential component of the
chemical industry due to its high-octane level. At the same
time, methanol can be used as a preponderant or intermediate raw material to manufacture other fuels and valuable
products in industries (Himeda et al. 2005).
2.3 C–N Bond Formation
Heterocyclic compounds such as oxazolidinones are
important chemicals that demonstrate various applications as
intermediate and chiral auxiliaries for organic compounds in
their synthesis. Cyclic carbamates such as 5-substituted
oxazolidinones are used commonly as components of biologically active substances for the preparation of medicinal
and agricultural substances. The processing of oxazolidinones is primarily assisted by five synthetic paths. It can be
synthesized through the use of C1 feedstock by carbonizing
amino alcohols into phosgene, carbon monoxide (CO), CO 2
injection into the aziridine process, CO 2 reaction through
amino alcohols, CO 2 reaction with acetylene amines and
three-step propargylic alcohol processes, and amines and
CO 2 usage as an important raw material. Urea derivatives
may be specifically synthesized through the catalytic process
of CO 2 and amines. Amine carbamation is widely used for
the production of organic carbamates in the area of medicinal products such as medicines, pre-drugs, and intermediate
medicines. In the presence of tin compounds, amine and
CO 2 chemically combine with alcohol as a catalyst, by
dehydrating acetal, to capture water in this cycle to recycle
the alcohol. The conventional industrial route of isocyanates
include either CO or phosgene as a carbon source is a
striking approach to isocyanate chemical synthesis (Liu et al.
2017).
2.4 C–C Bond Formation
A substituting source of carbonyl provides greener pathways
for potential possibilities for the chemical processes, with the
valuable industrial transitions that are used as reference
molecules for the carboxylic acid derivatives. In the method
of green chemistry, the inclusion of CO 2 in certain organic
substrates will provide useful products for the creation of
new C–C bonds in catalytic successions. Acrylic acid and its
derivatives are synthesized on a large scale through the
oxidation of many precursors such as propylene, acrolein,
and acrylonitrile hydrolysis (Lin 2001). The most compelling and upcoming simple method for processing acrylic
acids is carboxylation of an alkene by explicitly utilizing
carbon nucleophiles and CO 2 because the usage of CO 2 as a
safe and repeatable C1 fuel will avoid the use of insensitive
reaction conditions. Carboxylation of CO 2 heterocyclic
aromatic compounds creates essential molecules and organic
chemicals for medicinal purposes (Fischer et al. 2006).
3 Potential of Biological Conversion of CO 2
The Bio-fixation of CO 2 by microorganisms is a way to
prevent climate disasters. Carbon sequestration through
bacteria is not just a renewable yet safe solution for the
prevention of global warming. The major advantage of the
usage of carbonic anhydrase (CA) microbes to transform
CO 2 is that CO 2 is processed through a broad variety of
metabolism pathways. Several bacterial generations generate
active CA, transforming CO 2 into bicarbonates and CaCO 3
in the presence of Ca
2+ ion (Bermúdez et al. 2013). CaCO 3
is the component that can quickly be isolated and used for
different industrial applications such as cement, pottery,
sugar grinding, glass, iron, and steel (Shi et al. 2015; Thakur
et al. 2018; Bhagat et al. 2018; Yadav et al. 2014). CA is
either extracellularly present in bacteria in conjunction with
periplasm or within the cytoplasm (intracellular) (Leung
et al. 2014). In the presence of zinc, copper, and cadmium,
Sharma et al. (2009) washed out the extracellular CA from
Pseudomonas fragi. Much of the microbial CA rely on
metals and its behavior is mainly related to divalent metal
ions. The literature survey also showed the capacity for the
development of calcium carbonate precipitates of microbial
CA in CO 2 conversion. In a previous study, an estimate of
the number of calcium carbonates produced in the presence
of calcium ions was used to evaluate the CO 2 conversion
capacity of Aerobacillus pallidus and bovine carbon anhydrase (BCA). In the recorded experiment, the flue gasses
were initially cooled to 60 °C. A more effective CO 2 conversion by A. pallidus than BCA has been published (Bose
and Satyanarayana 2017a). A. pallidus was stable between
the temperature range of 40–60 °C, in contrast to the BCA
which tolerates temperatures between 35–40 °C, tolerating
harsh conditions required for the industrially controlled
cycle. The CA from Lactobacillus delbrueckii was reported
and the calcium carbonate synthesized by Li et al. (2015)
Biological Methods for Carbon Dioxide Conversion and Utilization
167
catalyzing CO 2 and epoxide copolymerization is a convenient path to use CO 2 (Mushtaq et al. 2014c; Sagir et al.
2014c; Thakur et al. 2018).
2.2 C–H Bond Formation
Formic acid is an important intermediate chemical and
essential agricultural, commonly used industrially. The
organic synthesis is closely linked to the current phenomenon in green chemistry, through catalytic hydrogenation and CO 2 . As a novel substitute for the current fuel
option, methanol is now an essential component of the
chemical industry due to its high-octane level. At the same
time, methanol can be used as a preponderant or intermediate raw material to manufacture other fuels and valuable
products in industries (Himeda et al. 2005).
2.3 C–N Bond Formation
Heterocyclic compounds such as oxazolidinones are
important chemicals that demonstrate various applications as
intermediate and chiral auxiliaries for organic compounds in
their synthesis. Cyclic carbamates such as 5-substituted
oxazolidinones are used commonly as components of biologically active substances for the preparation of medicinal
and agricultural substances. The processing of oxazolidinones is primarily assisted by five synthetic paths. It can be
synthesized through the use of C1 feedstock by carbonizing
amino alcohols into phosgene, carbon monoxide (CO), CO 2
injection into the aziridine process, CO 2 reaction through
amino alcohols, CO 2 reaction with acetylene amines and
three-step propargylic alcohol processes, and amines and
CO 2 usage as an important raw material. Urea derivatives
may be specifically synthesized through the catalytic process
of CO 2 and amines. Amine carbamation is widely used for
the production of organic carbamates in the area of medicinal products such as medicines, pre-drugs, and intermediate
medicines. In the presence of tin compounds, amine and
CO 2 chemically combine with alcohol as a catalyst, by
dehydrating acetal, to capture water in this cycle to recycle
the alcohol. The conventional industrial route of isocyanates
include either CO or phosgene as a carbon source is a
striking approach to isocyanate chemical synthesis (Liu et al.
2017).
2.4 C–C Bond Formation
A substituting source of carbonyl provides greener pathways
for potential possibilities for the chemical processes, with the
valuable industrial transitions that are used as reference
molecules for the carboxylic acid derivatives. In the method
of green chemistry, the inclusion of CO 2 in certain organic
substrates will provide useful products for the creation of
new C–C bonds in catalytic successions. Acrylic acid and its
derivatives are synthesized on a large scale through the
oxidation of many precursors such as propylene, acrolein,
and acrylonitrile hydrolysis (Lin 2001). The most compelling and upcoming simple method for processing acrylic
acids is carboxylation of an alkene by explicitly utilizing
carbon nucleophiles and CO 2 because the usage of CO 2 as a
safe and repeatable C1 fuel will avoid the use of insensitive
reaction conditions. Carboxylation of CO 2 heterocyclic
aromatic compounds creates essential molecules and organic
chemicals for medicinal purposes (Fischer et al. 2006).
3 Potential of Biological Conversion of CO 2
The Bio-fixation of CO 2 by microorganisms is a way to
prevent climate disasters. Carbon sequestration through
bacteria is not just a renewable yet safe solution for the
prevention of global warming. The major advantage of the
usage of carbonic anhydrase (CA) microbes to transform
CO 2 is that CO 2 is processed through a broad variety of
metabolism pathways. Several bacterial generations generate
active CA, transforming CO 2 into bicarbonates and CaCO 3
in the presence of Ca
2+ ion (Bermúdez et al. 2013). CaCO 3
is the component that can quickly be isolated and used for
different industrial applications such as cement, pottery,
sugar grinding, glass, iron, and steel (Shi et al. 2015; Thakur
et al. 2018; Bhagat et al. 2018; Yadav et al. 2014). CA is
either extracellularly present in bacteria in conjunction with
periplasm or within the cytoplasm (intracellular) (Leung
et al. 2014). In the presence of zinc, copper, and cadmium,
Sharma et al. (2009) washed out the extracellular CA from
Pseudomonas fragi. Much of the microbial CA rely on
metals and its behavior is mainly related to divalent metal
ions. The literature survey also showed the capacity for the
development of calcium carbonate precipitates of microbial
CA in CO 2 conversion. In a previous study, an estimate of
the number of calcium carbonates produced in the presence
of calcium ions was used to evaluate the CO 2 conversion
capacity of Aerobacillus pallidus and bovine carbon anhydrase (BCA). In the recorded experiment, the flue gasses
were initially cooled to 60 °C. A more effective CO 2 conversion by A. pallidus than BCA has been published (Bose
and Satyanarayana 2017a). A. pallidus was stable between
the temperature range of 40–60 °C, in contrast to the BCA
which tolerates temperatures between 35–40 °C, tolerating
harsh conditions required for the industrially controlled
cycle. The CA from Lactobacillus delbrueckii was reported
and the calcium carbonate synthesized by Li et al. (2015)
Biological Methods for Carbon Dioxide Conversion and Utilization
167