bioinformatics the researchers can generate improved
microbial strains to consume FVWs and prevent losing
valuable compounds from wastes. Thus, effort has to be
made in the development and adoption of efficient microbial
strains, for example, plethora of enzyme production in
heterologous hosts and their reformation by protein engineering or chemical resources can achieve dynamic and
effective enzymes. Such strains can be utilized in the commercial production of different value-added products from
wastes by reducing the investment cost and minimizing the
waste production.
References
Adi, D. D, Oduro, I., & Simpson, B. K. (2019). Biological and
microbial technologies for the transformation of fruits and vegetable
wastes. In Simpson, B. K., Aryee, A. N. A., Toldrá, F. (eds.),
Byproducts from agriculture and fisheries: Adding value for food,
feed, pharma, and fuels (pp. 403–420). Wiley.
Agarwal, M., Kumar, A., Gupta, R., & Upadhyaya, S. (2012).
Extraction of polyphenol, flavonoid from Emblica officinalis, Citrus limon, Cucumis sativus and evaluation of their
antioxidant activity. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 28(2), 993–998.
Ahmed, I., Zia, M. A., Hussain, M. A., Akram, Z., Naveed, M. T., &
Nowrouzi, A. (2016). Bioprocessing of citrus waste peel for
induced pectinase production by Aspergillus niger; its purification
and characterization. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied
Sciences, 9(2), 148–154.
Ajila, C. M., Aalami, M., Leelavathi, K., & Rao, U. J. S. P. (2010).
Mango peels powder: A potential source of antioxidant and dietary
fiber in macaroni preparations. Innovative Food Science and
Emerging Technology, 11(1), 219–224.
Ajila, C. M., Brar, S., Verma, M., Tyagi, R. D., Godbout, S., & Valero,
J. R. (2012). Bioprocessing of agro-byproducts to animal feed.
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 32(4), 382–400.
Alokika, Singh B. (2019). Production, characteristics, and biotechnological applications of microbial xylanases. Applied Microbiology
and Biotechnology, 103(21–22), 8763–8784.
Amado, I. R., Franco, D., Sánchez, M., Zapata, C., & Vázquez, J. A.
(2014). Optimisation of antioxidant extraction from Solanum
tuberosum potato peel waste by surface response methodology.
Food Chemistry, 165(2014), 290–299.
Amin, F., Bhatti, H. N., & Bilal, M. (2019). Recent advances in the
production strategies of microbial pectinases—A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 122(2019), 1017–
1026.
Awasthi, M. K., Chen, H., Awasthi, S. K., Liu, T., Wang, M., Duan,
Y., & Li, J. (2019). Biological processing of solid waste and their
global warming potential. In Kumar, S., Zhang, Z., Awasthi, M., &
Li, R. (eds.), Biological processing of solid waste (pp. 111–128).
CRC Press
Ayala-Zavala, J. F., Vega-Vega, V., Rosas-Domínguez, C.,
Palafox-Carlos, H., Villa-Rodriguez, J. A., Siddiqui, M. W., et al.
(2011). Agro-industrial potential of exotic fruit byproducts as a
source of food additives. Food Research International, 44(7), 1866–
1874.
Azeredo, H. M. (2009). Betalains: properties, sources, applications, and
stability—A review. International Journal of Food Science &
Technology, 44(12), 2365–2376.
Balasundram, N., Sundram, K., & Samman, S. (2006). Phenolic
compounds in plants and agri-industrial by-products: Antioxidant
activity, occurrence, and potential uses. Food Chemistry, 99(1),
191–203.
Batra, A., & Saxena, R. K. (2005). Potential tannase producers from the
genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Process Biochemistry, 40(5),
1553–1557.
Beg, Q. K., Kapoor, M., Mahajan, L., & Hoondal, G. S. (2001).
Mycrobial xylanases and their industrial applications: a review.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 56(3–4), 326–338.
Berger, R. G. (2007). Flavours and fragrances, chemistry, bioprocessing and sustainability. Springer Science and Business Media,
p. 648.
Birhanli, E., & Ye silada, O. (2013). The utilization of lignocellulosic
wastes for laccase production under semisolid-state and submerged
fermentation conditions. Turkish Journal of Biology, 37(4), 450–456.
Bocco, A., Cuvelier, M. E., Richard, H., & Berset, C. (1998). Antioxidant
activity and phenolic composition of citrus peel and seed extracts. Journal
of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 46(6), 2123–2129.
Caldeira, C., De Laurentiis, V., Corrado, S., van Holsteijn, F., & Sala,
S. (2019). Quantification of food waste per product group along the
food supply chain in the European Union: A mass flow analysis.
Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 149(2019), 479–488.
Castro-Aguirre, E., Iñiguez-Franco, F., Samsudin, H., Fang, X., &
Auras, R. (2016). Polylactic acid—Mass production, processing,
industrial applications, and end of life. Advanced Drug Delivery
Reviews, 107(2016), 333–366.
CEC. (2017). Characterization and management of food loss and waste
in North America (p. 289). Montreal, Canada: Commission for
Environmental Cooperation.
Chakdar, H., Kumar, M., Pandiyan, K., Singh, A., Nanjappan, K.,
Kashyap, P. L., Srivastava, A. K. (2016). Bacterial xylanases:
Biology to biotechnology. 3 Biotech 6(2),150.
Chauhan, P. S., Puri, N., Sharma, P., & Gupta, N. (2012). Mannanases:
Microbial sources, production, properties and potential biotechnological applications. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 93
(5), 1817–1830.
Chemat, F., Vian, M. A., Fabiano-Tixier, A. S., Nutizio, M., Jambrak,
A. R., Munekata, P. E. S., et al. (2020). A review of sustainable and
intensified techniques for extraction of food and natural products.
Green Chemistry, 22(8), 2325–2353.
Chi, Z., Chi, Z., Zhang, T., Liu, G., & Yue, L. (2009).
Inulinase-expressing microorganisms and applications of inulinases.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 82(2), 211–220.
Chin, K. L., & H’ng, P. S. (2013). A real story of bioethanol from
biomass: Malaysia perspective. In M. D. Matovic (Ed.), Biomass
now-sustainable growth and use (pp. 329–346). Croatia: InTech
Publishers, Rijeka.
Choonut, A., Saejong, M., & Sangkharak, K. (2014). The production of
ethanol and hydrogen from pineapple peel by Saccharomyces
cerevisiae and Enterobacter aerogenes. Energy Procedia, 52
(2014), 242–249.
Coman, V., Teleky, B. E., Mitrea, L., Martau, G. A., Szabo, K.,
Calinoiu, L. F., et al. (2020). Bioactive potential of fruit and
vegetable wastes. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 91
(2020), 157–225.
Couto, S. R. (2008). Exploitation of biological wastes for the
production of value-added products under solid-state fermentation
conditions—Review. Biotechnology Journal: Healthcare Nutrition
Technology, 3(7), 859–870.
Couto, R. S., & Herrera, T. J. L. (2006). Industrial and biotechnological
applications of laccases: A review. Biotechnology Advances, 24(5),
500–513.
Das Mohapatra, P. K., Mondal, K. C., & Pati, B. R. (2006). Production
of tannase through submerged fermentation of tannin-containing
plant extracts by Bacillus licheniformis KBR6. Polish Journal
of Microbiology, 55(4), 297–301.
Bioconversion of Fruits and Vegetables Wastes …
159
microbial strains to consume FVWs and prevent losing
valuable compounds from wastes. Thus, effort has to be
made in the development and adoption of efficient microbial
strains, for example, plethora of enzyme production in
heterologous hosts and their reformation by protein engineering or chemical resources can achieve dynamic and
effective enzymes. Such strains can be utilized in the commercial production of different value-added products from
wastes by reducing the investment cost and minimizing the
waste production.
References
Adi, D. D, Oduro, I., & Simpson, B. K. (2019). Biological and
microbial technologies for the transformation of fruits and vegetable
wastes. In Simpson, B. K., Aryee, A. N. A., Toldrá, F. (eds.),
Byproducts from agriculture and fisheries: Adding value for food,
feed, pharma, and fuels (pp. 403–420). Wiley.
Agarwal, M., Kumar, A., Gupta, R., & Upadhyaya, S. (2012).
Extraction of polyphenol, flavonoid from Emblica officinalis, Citrus limon, Cucumis sativus and evaluation of their
antioxidant activity. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 28(2), 993–998.
Ahmed, I., Zia, M. A., Hussain, M. A., Akram, Z., Naveed, M. T., &
Nowrouzi, A. (2016). Bioprocessing of citrus waste peel for
induced pectinase production by Aspergillus niger; its purification
and characterization. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied
Sciences, 9(2), 148–154.
Ajila, C. M., Aalami, M., Leelavathi, K., & Rao, U. J. S. P. (2010).
Mango peels powder: A potential source of antioxidant and dietary
fiber in macaroni preparations. Innovative Food Science and
Emerging Technology, 11(1), 219–224.
Ajila, C. M., Brar, S., Verma, M., Tyagi, R. D., Godbout, S., & Valero,
J. R. (2012). Bioprocessing of agro-byproducts to animal feed.
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 32(4), 382–400.
Alokika, Singh B. (2019). Production, characteristics, and biotechnological applications of microbial xylanases. Applied Microbiology
and Biotechnology, 103(21–22), 8763–8784.
Amado, I. R., Franco, D., Sánchez, M., Zapata, C., & Vázquez, J. A.
(2014). Optimisation of antioxidant extraction from Solanum
tuberosum potato peel waste by surface response methodology.
Food Chemistry, 165(2014), 290–299.
Amin, F., Bhatti, H. N., & Bilal, M. (2019). Recent advances in the
production strategies of microbial pectinases—A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 122(2019), 1017–
1026.
Awasthi, M. K., Chen, H., Awasthi, S. K., Liu, T., Wang, M., Duan,
Y., & Li, J. (2019). Biological processing of solid waste and their
global warming potential. In Kumar, S., Zhang, Z., Awasthi, M., &
Li, R. (eds.), Biological processing of solid waste (pp. 111–128).
CRC Press
Ayala-Zavala, J. F., Vega-Vega, V., Rosas-Domínguez, C.,
Palafox-Carlos, H., Villa-Rodriguez, J. A., Siddiqui, M. W., et al.
(2011). Agro-industrial potential of exotic fruit byproducts as a
source of food additives. Food Research International, 44(7), 1866–
1874.
Azeredo, H. M. (2009). Betalains: properties, sources, applications, and
stability—A review. International Journal of Food Science &
Technology, 44(12), 2365–2376.
Balasundram, N., Sundram, K., & Samman, S. (2006). Phenolic
compounds in plants and agri-industrial by-products: Antioxidant
activity, occurrence, and potential uses. Food Chemistry, 99(1),
191–203.
Batra, A., & Saxena, R. K. (2005). Potential tannase producers from the
genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Process Biochemistry, 40(5),
1553–1557.
Beg, Q. K., Kapoor, M., Mahajan, L., & Hoondal, G. S. (2001).
Mycrobial xylanases and their industrial applications: a review.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 56(3–4), 326–338.
Berger, R. G. (2007). Flavours and fragrances, chemistry, bioprocessing and sustainability. Springer Science and Business Media,
p. 648.
Birhanli, E., & Ye silada, O. (2013). The utilization of lignocellulosic
wastes for laccase production under semisolid-state and submerged
fermentation conditions. Turkish Journal of Biology, 37(4), 450–456.
Bocco, A., Cuvelier, M. E., Richard, H., & Berset, C. (1998). Antioxidant
activity and phenolic composition of citrus peel and seed extracts. Journal
of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 46(6), 2123–2129.
Caldeira, C., De Laurentiis, V., Corrado, S., van Holsteijn, F., & Sala,
S. (2019). Quantification of food waste per product group along the
food supply chain in the European Union: A mass flow analysis.
Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 149(2019), 479–488.
Castro-Aguirre, E., Iñiguez-Franco, F., Samsudin, H., Fang, X., &
Auras, R. (2016). Polylactic acid—Mass production, processing,
industrial applications, and end of life. Advanced Drug Delivery
Reviews, 107(2016), 333–366.
CEC. (2017). Characterization and management of food loss and waste
in North America (p. 289). Montreal, Canada: Commission for
Environmental Cooperation.
Chakdar, H., Kumar, M., Pandiyan, K., Singh, A., Nanjappan, K.,
Kashyap, P. L., Srivastava, A. K. (2016). Bacterial xylanases:
Biology to biotechnology. 3 Biotech 6(2),150.
Chauhan, P. S., Puri, N., Sharma, P., & Gupta, N. (2012). Mannanases:
Microbial sources, production, properties and potential biotechnological applications. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 93
(5), 1817–1830.
Chemat, F., Vian, M. A., Fabiano-Tixier, A. S., Nutizio, M., Jambrak,
A. R., Munekata, P. E. S., et al. (2020). A review of sustainable and
intensified techniques for extraction of food and natural products.
Green Chemistry, 22(8), 2325–2353.
Chi, Z., Chi, Z., Zhang, T., Liu, G., & Yue, L. (2009).
Inulinase-expressing microorganisms and applications of inulinases.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 82(2), 211–220.
Chin, K. L., & H’ng, P. S. (2013). A real story of bioethanol from
biomass: Malaysia perspective. In M. D. Matovic (Ed.), Biomass
now-sustainable growth and use (pp. 329–346). Croatia: InTech
Publishers, Rijeka.
Choonut, A., Saejong, M., & Sangkharak, K. (2014). The production of
ethanol and hydrogen from pineapple peel by Saccharomyces
cerevisiae and Enterobacter aerogenes. Energy Procedia, 52
(2014), 242–249.
Coman, V., Teleky, B. E., Mitrea, L., Martau, G. A., Szabo, K.,
Calinoiu, L. F., et al. (2020). Bioactive potential of fruit and
vegetable wastes. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 91
(2020), 157–225.
Couto, S. R. (2008). Exploitation of biological wastes for the
production of value-added products under solid-state fermentation
conditions—Review. Biotechnology Journal: Healthcare Nutrition
Technology, 3(7), 859–870.
Couto, R. S., & Herrera, T. J. L. (2006). Industrial and biotechnological
applications of laccases: A review. Biotechnology Advances, 24(5),
500–513.
Das Mohapatra, P. K., Mondal, K. C., & Pati, B. R. (2006). Production
of tannase through submerged fermentation of tannin-containing
plant extracts by Bacillus licheniformis KBR6. Polish Journal
of Microbiology, 55(4), 297–301.
Bioconversion of Fruits and Vegetables Wastes …
159