Suksong, W., et al. (2017). Anaerobic co-digestion of palm oil mill
waste residues with sewage sludge for biogas production. Energy
Procedia, 138, 789–794.
Sulaiman, A., et al. (2009). The effect of mixing on methane production
in a semi-commercial closed digester tank treating palm oil mill
effluent. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3,
1577–1583.
Sulaiman, O., et al. (2012). The potential of oil palm trunk biomass as
an alternative source for compressed wood. BioResources, 7(2),
2688–2706.
Syahin, M. S., Ab Karim, G. W., & Loh, S. K. (2020). Decolourisation
of palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment technologies: A review.
Journal of Oil Palm Research, 32(1), 1–15.
Tee Ching, O. (2019). Malaysia and Indonesia to jointly fight EU’s
palm oil ban at WTO. In New Straits Times.
Tepsour, M., et al. (2019). Biogas production from oil palm empty fruit
bunches and palm oil decanter cake using solid-state anaerobic
co-digestion. Energies, 12, 1–14.
Thambirajah, J., & Kuthubutheen, A. (1989). Composting of palm
press fibre. Biological Wastes, 27(4), 257–269.
Thambirajah, J., Zulkali, M., & Hashim, M. (1995). Microbiological
and biochemical changes during the composting of oil palm
empty-fruit-bunches. Effect of nitrogen supplementation on the
substrate. Bioresource Technology, 52(2), 133–144.
Torkian, A., Eqbali, A., & Hashemian, S. J. (2003). The effect of
organic loading rate on the performance of UASB reactor treating
slaughterhouse effluent. Resources, Conservation and Recycling,
40, 1–11.
Trangkaprasith, K., & Chavalparit, O. (2011). Heating value enhancement of fuel pellets from frond of oil palm. In International
Conference on Biology, Environment and Chemistry.
Tuomela, M., et al. (2000). Biodegradation of lignin in a compost
environment: A review. Bioresource Technology, 72(2), 169–183.
Uche Paul, O., et al. (2015). Calorific value of palm oil residues for
energy utilisation.
Vakili, M., et al. (2014). A review on composting of oil palm biomass.
Environment Development and Sustainability, 17.
Vakili, M., Haque, A. A. M., & Gholami, Z. (2012). Effect of manual
turning frequency on physico-chemical parameters during the oil
palm frond and cow dung composting. Caspian Journal of Applied
Sciences Research, 1(12).
Wang, Q., et al. (1999). Degradation of volatile fatty acids in highly
efficient anaerobic digestion. Biomass and Bioenergy, 16, 407–416.
Wanrosli, W., et al. (2007). Pulp from oil palm fronds by chemical
processes. Industrial Crops and Products, 25(1), 89–94.
Wening, S., et al. (2012). Ranking the value of germplasm: New oil
palm (Elaeis guineensis) breeding stocks as a case study. Annals of
Applied Biology, 160, 145–156.
World, O. (2019). Oil World Annual 2019. ISTA Mielke GmbH
Hamburg, Germany.
Wu, T. Y., et al. (2010). Pollution control technologies for the treatment
of palm oil mill effluent (POME) through end-of-pipe processes.
Journal of Environmental Management, 91(7), 1467–1490.
Yacob, S., et al. (2005). Baseline study of methane emission from open
digesting tanks of palm oil mill effluent treatment. Chemosphere, 59
(11), 1575–1581.
Yahya, A., et al. (2010). Effect of adding palm oil mill decanter cake
slurry with regular turning operation on the composting process and
quality of compost from oil palm empty fruit bunches. Bioresource
Technology, 101(22), 8736–8741.
Yamada, H., et al. (2010). Old oil palm trunk: A promising source of
sugars for bioethanol production. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34(11),
1608–1613.
Yamei, W. (2019). Palm oil to remain Malaysia’s major export despite
challenges: PM. In Xin Hua.
Yañez, R., et al. (2010). Selective organic compounds degradation
under controlling composting conditions. Waste Management, 30
(5), 755–763.
Yaser, A. Z., Rahman, R. A., & Kalil, M. S. (2007). Co-composting of
palm oil mill sludge-sawdust. Pakistan Journal of Biological
Sciences, 10(24), 4473–4478.
Yoga, K. D. (2019). EU palm oil ban more than environmental issue. In
Asia Times.
Yusof, A. (2019). Malaysia to cap 6.5 m ha of oil palm plantations by
2023, in New Straits Times.
Zafar, S. (2019). Biomass Wastes from Palm Oil Mills|BioEnergy
Consult. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://www.
bioenergyconsult.com/palm-biomass/.
Zahari, M. A. K. M., et al. (2012). Renewable sugars from oil palm
frond juice as an alternative novel fermentation feedstock for
value-added products. Bioresource Technology, 110, 566–571.
Zahrim, A., et al. (2015). A review on the empty fruit bunch
composting: life cycle analysis and the effect of amendment (s). In
Advances in Bioprocess Technology (pp. 3–15). Springer.
Zahrim, A., & Asis, T. (2010). Production of non shredded empty fruit
bunch semi-compost. The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia, 71(4).
Zaied, B. K., et al. (2020). Co-digestion of palm oil mill effluent for
enhanced biogas production in a solar assisted bioreactor: Supplementation with ammonium bicarbonate. Science of the Total
Environment, 706, 136095.
Zhang, Y., et al. (2008). Startup and operation of anaerobic EGSB
reactor treating palm oil mill effluent. Journal of Environmental
Sciences, 20(6), 658–663.
Ziemiński, K., & Frąc, M. (2012). Methane fermentation process as
anaerobic digestion of biomass: Transformations, stages and
microorganisms. 11, 4127–4139
Palm Oil Industry—Processes, By-Product ...
143
waste residues with sewage sludge for biogas production. Energy
Procedia, 138, 789–794.
Sulaiman, A., et al. (2009). The effect of mixing on methane production
in a semi-commercial closed digester tank treating palm oil mill
effluent. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3,
1577–1583.
Sulaiman, O., et al. (2012). The potential of oil palm trunk biomass as
an alternative source for compressed wood. BioResources, 7(2),
2688–2706.
Syahin, M. S., Ab Karim, G. W., & Loh, S. K. (2020). Decolourisation
of palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment technologies: A review.
Journal of Oil Palm Research, 32(1), 1–15.
Tee Ching, O. (2019). Malaysia and Indonesia to jointly fight EU’s
palm oil ban at WTO. In New Straits Times.
Tepsour, M., et al. (2019). Biogas production from oil palm empty fruit
bunches and palm oil decanter cake using solid-state anaerobic
co-digestion. Energies, 12, 1–14.
Thambirajah, J., & Kuthubutheen, A. (1989). Composting of palm
press fibre. Biological Wastes, 27(4), 257–269.
Thambirajah, J., Zulkali, M., & Hashim, M. (1995). Microbiological
and biochemical changes during the composting of oil palm
empty-fruit-bunches. Effect of nitrogen supplementation on the
substrate. Bioresource Technology, 52(2), 133–144.
Torkian, A., Eqbali, A., & Hashemian, S. J. (2003). The effect of
organic loading rate on the performance of UASB reactor treating
slaughterhouse effluent. Resources, Conservation and Recycling,
40, 1–11.
Trangkaprasith, K., & Chavalparit, O. (2011). Heating value enhancement of fuel pellets from frond of oil palm. In International
Conference on Biology, Environment and Chemistry.
Tuomela, M., et al. (2000). Biodegradation of lignin in a compost
environment: A review. Bioresource Technology, 72(2), 169–183.
Uche Paul, O., et al. (2015). Calorific value of palm oil residues for
energy utilisation.
Vakili, M., et al. (2014). A review on composting of oil palm biomass.
Environment Development and Sustainability, 17.
Vakili, M., Haque, A. A. M., & Gholami, Z. (2012). Effect of manual
turning frequency on physico-chemical parameters during the oil
palm frond and cow dung composting. Caspian Journal of Applied
Sciences Research, 1(12).
Wang, Q., et al. (1999). Degradation of volatile fatty acids in highly
efficient anaerobic digestion. Biomass and Bioenergy, 16, 407–416.
Wanrosli, W., et al. (2007). Pulp from oil palm fronds by chemical
processes. Industrial Crops and Products, 25(1), 89–94.
Wening, S., et al. (2012). Ranking the value of germplasm: New oil
palm (Elaeis guineensis) breeding stocks as a case study. Annals of
Applied Biology, 160, 145–156.
World, O. (2019). Oil World Annual 2019. ISTA Mielke GmbH
Hamburg, Germany.
Wu, T. Y., et al. (2010). Pollution control technologies for the treatment
of palm oil mill effluent (POME) through end-of-pipe processes.
Journal of Environmental Management, 91(7), 1467–1490.
Yacob, S., et al. (2005). Baseline study of methane emission from open
digesting tanks of palm oil mill effluent treatment. Chemosphere, 59
(11), 1575–1581.
Yahya, A., et al. (2010). Effect of adding palm oil mill decanter cake
slurry with regular turning operation on the composting process and
quality of compost from oil palm empty fruit bunches. Bioresource
Technology, 101(22), 8736–8741.
Yamada, H., et al. (2010). Old oil palm trunk: A promising source of
sugars for bioethanol production. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34(11),
1608–1613.
Yamei, W. (2019). Palm oil to remain Malaysia’s major export despite
challenges: PM. In Xin Hua.
Yañez, R., et al. (2010). Selective organic compounds degradation
under controlling composting conditions. Waste Management, 30
(5), 755–763.
Yaser, A. Z., Rahman, R. A., & Kalil, M. S. (2007). Co-composting of
palm oil mill sludge-sawdust. Pakistan Journal of Biological
Sciences, 10(24), 4473–4478.
Yoga, K. D. (2019). EU palm oil ban more than environmental issue. In
Asia Times.
Yusof, A. (2019). Malaysia to cap 6.5 m ha of oil palm plantations by
2023, in New Straits Times.
Zafar, S. (2019). Biomass Wastes from Palm Oil Mills|BioEnergy
Consult. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://www.
bioenergyconsult.com/palm-biomass/.
Zahari, M. A. K. M., et al. (2012). Renewable sugars from oil palm
frond juice as an alternative novel fermentation feedstock for
value-added products. Bioresource Technology, 110, 566–571.
Zahrim, A., et al. (2015). A review on the empty fruit bunch
composting: life cycle analysis and the effect of amendment (s). In
Advances in Bioprocess Technology (pp. 3–15). Springer.
Zahrim, A., & Asis, T. (2010). Production of non shredded empty fruit
bunch semi-compost. The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia, 71(4).
Zaied, B. K., et al. (2020). Co-digestion of palm oil mill effluent for
enhanced biogas production in a solar assisted bioreactor: Supplementation with ammonium bicarbonate. Science of the Total
Environment, 706, 136095.
Zhang, Y., et al. (2008). Startup and operation of anaerobic EGSB
reactor treating palm oil mill effluent. Journal of Environmental
Sciences, 20(6), 658–663.
Ziemiński, K., & Frąc, M. (2012). Methane fermentation process as
anaerobic digestion of biomass: Transformations, stages and
microorganisms. 11, 4127–4139
Palm Oil Industry—Processes, By-Product ...
143