global citizens and, 76
hacktivists and, 127–128
individual freedoms and, 31–32, 44, 77–
91
information suppression and, 31–41
international antibribery conventions and,
94–96, 98
International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR) and, 78–91
international law and, 75–91
minorities and, 12, 133
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
and, 133
public international law and, 75
registration and, 33
self-determination and, 73
surveillance and, 49
United Nations Human Rights Committee
(UNHRC) and, 79–82, 84, 86–87
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR) and, 49, 77–78
user information and, 109, 111, 116–117
Human Rights Watch (HRW), 3, 128, 133
Independent media, 134
India, 14, 15, 107
country summary of, 286–291
in-stream filtering and, 42
Information and communications
technologies (ICTs)
civil society actors and, 123–149
corporations and, 104, 121–122
In-stream filtering, 42
Intellectual property, 9, 33, 74, 131
International Campaign to Ban Landmines
(ICBL), 124, 126–127
International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR), 49
Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) and, 92
complaints to, 86–87
cybercafe ´s and, 83
different approaches and, 90–91
enforcement problem and, 84–91
filtering and, 79, 82–91
freedom of expression and, 78–82
international system and, 78–92
monitoring under, 84, 86
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
and, 79, 84, 86–87
Optional Protocol and, 86–87
overall ineffectiveness and, 87–88
provisions of, 78–79
United Nations Human Rights Committee
(UNHRC) and, 79–82, 84, 86–87
World Trade Organization (WTO) and, 88–
90
International law. See Legal issues
International system
Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) and, 91–94,
97
background of, 73–77
disintermediation and, 74–75
filtering and, 82–91
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and,
94, 117–118
global citizens and, 76
Global Online Freedom Act (GOFA) and,
118, 121
human rights and, 75–91
institutional empowerment and, 75
intermediaries and, 74
international antibribery conventions and,
94–96, 98
International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR) and, 78–92
international law and, 77–82
Internet Governance Forum and, 74
key legal instruments and, 77–82
Peace of Westphalia and, 73
practical implications of, 76–77
private actors and, 91–96
promise of, 96–98
public international law and, 75
quasigovernmental private action and, 76
United Nations Human Rights Committee
(UNHRC) and, 79–82, 84, 86–87
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR) and, 77–78
U.S. Alien Tort Claims Act (ACTA) and, 91–
94
World Intellectual Property Organization
(WIPO) and, 74
International Telecommunications Union
(ITU), 119–120
Index
441
hacktivists and, 127–128
individual freedoms and, 31–32, 44, 77–
91
information suppression and, 31–41
international antibribery conventions and,
94–96, 98
International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR) and, 78–91
international law and, 75–91
minorities and, 12, 133
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
and, 133
public international law and, 75
registration and, 33
self-determination and, 73
surveillance and, 49
United Nations Human Rights Committee
(UNHRC) and, 79–82, 84, 86–87
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR) and, 49, 77–78
user information and, 109, 111, 116–117
Human Rights Watch (HRW), 3, 128, 133
Independent media, 134
India, 14, 15, 107
country summary of, 286–291
in-stream filtering and, 42
Information and communications
technologies (ICTs)
civil society actors and, 123–149
corporations and, 104, 121–122
In-stream filtering, 42
Intellectual property, 9, 33, 74, 131
International Campaign to Ban Landmines
(ICBL), 124, 126–127
International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR), 49
Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) and, 92
complaints to, 86–87
cybercafe ´s and, 83
different approaches and, 90–91
enforcement problem and, 84–91
filtering and, 79, 82–91
freedom of expression and, 78–82
international system and, 78–92
monitoring under, 84, 86
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
and, 79, 84, 86–87
Optional Protocol and, 86–87
overall ineffectiveness and, 87–88
provisions of, 78–79
United Nations Human Rights Committee
(UNHRC) and, 79–82, 84, 86–87
World Trade Organization (WTO) and, 88–
90
International law. See Legal issues
International system
Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) and, 91–94,
97
background of, 73–77
disintermediation and, 74–75
filtering and, 82–91
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and,
94, 117–118
global citizens and, 76
Global Online Freedom Act (GOFA) and,
118, 121
human rights and, 75–91
institutional empowerment and, 75
intermediaries and, 74
international antibribery conventions and,
94–96, 98
International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR) and, 78–92
international law and, 77–82
Internet Governance Forum and, 74
key legal instruments and, 77–82
Peace of Westphalia and, 73
practical implications of, 76–77
private actors and, 91–96
promise of, 96–98
public international law and, 75
quasigovernmental private action and, 76
United Nations Human Rights Committee
(UNHRC) and, 79–82, 84, 86–87
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR) and, 77–78
U.S. Alien Tort Claims Act (ACTA) and, 91–
94
World Intellectual Property Organization
(WIPO) and, 74
International Telecommunications Union
(ITU), 119–120
Index
441