13. See Presentation by Gaurab Raj Upadhaya at
APOPS Forum (16 APNIC Open Policy Meeting),
ICT in Afghanistan, August, 21, 2003,
http://www.apnic.net/meetings/16/programme/docs/
apops-pres-gaurab-ict-afghan.ppt. See also CIA
World Factbook: Afghanistan, updated March 15,
2007, https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/
factbook/geos/af.html#Comm; and Ministry of
Communications and Information Technology Web
site, http://www.moc.gov.af/isp.asp, (accessed
April 4, 2007).
14. United Nations Development Programme,
Afghanistan: A Country on the Move,
http://www.undp.org.af/home/afg_on_the_move.pdf.
15. Ministry of Communications Five-Year Development
Plan 1384–1389 (2005–2009), August 13, 2005,
http://www.moc.gov.af/Documents/About%20the%20
Ministry%20of%20Communications%20-%20FiveYears
Plan/Afghanistan%20MoC%205%20yr%20plan.pdf.
16. Article 34, Constitution of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan, effective January 4, 2004,
http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/af00000_.html.
17. Article 3, Constitution of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan, effective January 4, 2004,
http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/af00000_.html.
18. Amin Tarzi, “Afghanistan: Mass media law comes
under scrutiny,” Radio Free Europe, February 2,
2007, http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/
02/ed592517-3307-4092-b556-f9c05aca7b3e.html.
19. Ibid.
20. Article 8(2), Afghan Law on Mass Media, March
2004, http://www.ijnet.org/Director.aspx?P=
MediaLaws&ID=233888&LID=1.
21. Article 26, Afghan Law on Mass Media, March 2004,
http://www.ijnet.org/Director.aspx?P=MediaLaws&ID
=233888&LID=1.
22. Articles 21, 42, Afghan Law on Mass Media, March
2004, http://www.ijnet.org/Director.aspx?P=
MediaLaws&ID=233888&LID=1. See U.S.
Department of State, Country Reports on Human
Rights Practices: Afghanistan, March 6, 2007,
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78868.htm.
23. Telecom Regulatory Board Web site, http://trb.gov.af/
telecom%20sector%20profile1.htm (accessed April
4, 2007).
24. Article 13, Telecommunications Services Regulation
Act, enacted December 18, 2005,
http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom%20law.htm.
25. Afghan Computer Science Association, IP License,
http://acsa.org.af/isplicense.htm.
26. Article 15, Telecommunications Services Regulation
Act, http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom%20law.htm.
27. Articles 21–24, Telecommunications Services
Regulation Act, http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom
%20law.htm.
28. Article 18, Telecommunications Services Regulation
Act, http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom%20law.htm.
29. Article 53. Telecommunications Services Regulation
Act, http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom%20law.htm.
30. Article 51, Telecommunications Services Regulation
Act, http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom%20law.htm.
31. Article 52,Telecommunications Services Regulation
Act, http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom%20law.htm.
32. Article 7, Telecommunications Services Regulation
Act, http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom%20law.htm.
33. Article 1.1, Afghanistan Network Information Center,
Afghanistan ccTLD (.af) Acceptable Use Policy,
October 20, 2004,
http://www.nic.af/doc/pdf/afaup201004.pdf.
34. Article 2.1(1), Afghanistan Network Information
Center, Afghanistan ccTLD (.af) Acceptable Use
Policy, October 20, 2004, at
http://www.nic.af/doc/pdf/afaup201004.pdf.
35. See Human Rights Watch Press Release,
“Afghanistan: Remove new restrictions on media,”
June 22, 2006, http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/
06/21/afghan13605.htm.
36. Ibid. For example, those reports that aim to represent that the fighting spirit in Afghanistan’s armed
forces is weak.
37. Ibid. An example of attributed causality is the prohibition of “Live reports from meetings and ceremonies that disclose confidential governmental and
military secrets and cause a deterioration of relations
among three branches of state and results in reduction of the prestige of the government and parliament.”
38. Ibid. For example, “reports relating to riots and violence which are provocative should not be published
and violence should be condemned.”
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. United Nations, Vision 2020: Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan. Millennium Development Goals Report
2005 (New York: United Nations), p. 21.
244
Country Summaries
APOPS Forum (16 APNIC Open Policy Meeting),
ICT in Afghanistan, August, 21, 2003,
http://www.apnic.net/meetings/16/programme/docs/
apops-pres-gaurab-ict-afghan.ppt. See also CIA
World Factbook: Afghanistan, updated March 15,
2007, https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/
factbook/geos/af.html#Comm; and Ministry of
Communications and Information Technology Web
site, http://www.moc.gov.af/isp.asp, (accessed
April 4, 2007).
14. United Nations Development Programme,
Afghanistan: A Country on the Move,
http://www.undp.org.af/home/afg_on_the_move.pdf.
15. Ministry of Communications Five-Year Development
Plan 1384–1389 (2005–2009), August 13, 2005,
http://www.moc.gov.af/Documents/About%20the%20
Ministry%20of%20Communications%20-%20FiveYears
Plan/Afghanistan%20MoC%205%20yr%20plan.pdf.
16. Article 34, Constitution of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan, effective January 4, 2004,
http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/af00000_.html.
17. Article 3, Constitution of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan, effective January 4, 2004,
http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/af00000_.html.
18. Amin Tarzi, “Afghanistan: Mass media law comes
under scrutiny,” Radio Free Europe, February 2,
2007, http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/
02/ed592517-3307-4092-b556-f9c05aca7b3e.html.
19. Ibid.
20. Article 8(2), Afghan Law on Mass Media, March
2004, http://www.ijnet.org/Director.aspx?P=
MediaLaws&ID=233888&LID=1.
21. Article 26, Afghan Law on Mass Media, March 2004,
http://www.ijnet.org/Director.aspx?P=MediaLaws&ID
=233888&LID=1.
22. Articles 21, 42, Afghan Law on Mass Media, March
2004, http://www.ijnet.org/Director.aspx?P=
MediaLaws&ID=233888&LID=1. See U.S.
Department of State, Country Reports on Human
Rights Practices: Afghanistan, March 6, 2007,
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78868.htm.
23. Telecom Regulatory Board Web site, http://trb.gov.af/
telecom%20sector%20profile1.htm (accessed April
4, 2007).
24. Article 13, Telecommunications Services Regulation
Act, enacted December 18, 2005,
http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom%20law.htm.
25. Afghan Computer Science Association, IP License,
http://acsa.org.af/isplicense.htm.
26. Article 15, Telecommunications Services Regulation
Act, http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom%20law.htm.
27. Articles 21–24, Telecommunications Services
Regulation Act, http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom
%20law.htm.
28. Article 18, Telecommunications Services Regulation
Act, http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom%20law.htm.
29. Article 53. Telecommunications Services Regulation
Act, http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom%20law.htm.
30. Article 51, Telecommunications Services Regulation
Act, http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom%20law.htm.
31. Article 52,Telecommunications Services Regulation
Act, http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom%20law.htm.
32. Article 7, Telecommunications Services Regulation
Act, http://trb.gov.af/new%20telecom%20law.htm.
33. Article 1.1, Afghanistan Network Information Center,
Afghanistan ccTLD (.af) Acceptable Use Policy,
October 20, 2004,
http://www.nic.af/doc/pdf/afaup201004.pdf.
34. Article 2.1(1), Afghanistan Network Information
Center, Afghanistan ccTLD (.af) Acceptable Use
Policy, October 20, 2004, at
http://www.nic.af/doc/pdf/afaup201004.pdf.
35. See Human Rights Watch Press Release,
“Afghanistan: Remove new restrictions on media,”
June 22, 2006, http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/
06/21/afghan13605.htm.
36. Ibid. For example, those reports that aim to represent that the fighting spirit in Afghanistan’s armed
forces is weak.
37. Ibid. An example of attributed causality is the prohibition of “Live reports from meetings and ceremonies that disclose confidential governmental and
military secrets and cause a deterioration of relations
among three branches of state and results in reduction of the prestige of the government and parliament.”
38. Ibid. For example, “reports relating to riots and violence which are provocative should not be published
and violence should be condemned.”
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. United Nations, Vision 2020: Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan. Millennium Development Goals Report
2005 (New York: United Nations), p. 21.
244
Country Summaries