174
Regional Overviews
5. The Australian Communications and Media Authority
was formed in July 2005, merging the Australian
Broadcasting Authority and the Australian
Communications Authority. See ACMA Overview,
http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD//pc=ACM
A_ORG_OVIEW.
6. Electronic Frontiers Australia, “Internet censorship
laws in Australia,” March 2006, http://www.efa.org.
au/Issues/Censor/cens1.html.
7. Ibid.; Office of Film and Literature Classification,
Guidelines for the Classification of Films and
Computer Games, 2005, http://www.oflc.gov.au/
resource.html?resource=62&filename=62.pdf.
8. Electronic Frontiers Australia, “Internet censorship
laws in Australia,” March 2006, http://www.efa.org.
au/Issues/Censor/cens1.html.
9. Australian Communications and Media Authority,
“Internet regulation,” February 2007,
http://www.acma.gov.au/web/STANDARD//pc%3DPC
_90169.
10. Schedule 1, Codes for Industry Co-Regulation in
Areas of Internet and Mobile Content (Pursuant to
the Requirements of the Broadcasting Services Act
1992), May 2005, http://www.acma.gov.au/acmainterwr/aba/contentreg/codes/internet/documents/
iia_code.pdf.
11. IIA Guide for ISPs, March 2006,
http://www.iia.net.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=121&Itemid=33.
12. Electronic Frontiers Australia, “Internet censorship
laws in Australia,” March 31, 2006, http://www.efa.
org.au/Issues/Censor/cens1.html.
13. Ibid.
14. Classification (Publications, Films and Computer
Games) (Enforcement) Act 1995, §57,
http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/cfac
ga1995596/s57.html.
15. Electronic Frontiers Australia, “Internet censorship
laws in Australia,” March 31, 2006,
http://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/cens1.html.
16. Senator Helen Coonan, “$116.6 million to protect
Australian families,” June 2006, http://www.minister.
dcita.gov.au/media/media_releases/$116.6_million_t
o_protect_australian_families_online.
17. Stephen Deare, “ISP level porn filtering won’t work,
says Coonan,” June 2006, http://www.cnet.com.au/
broadband/0,239036008,240063710,00.htm.
18. Stephen Hutcheon, “YouTube bans don’t work:
Internet founder,” March 2007, http://www.stuff.co.
nz/3986172a11275.html.
19. Ibid.
20. InternetNZ, “Internet governance in NZ,”
http://www.internetnz.net.nz/net-in-nz/governance.
21. Electronic Frontiers Australia, “Internet censorship:
Law and policy around the world,” March 28, 2002,
http://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/cens3.html#nz.
22. Films, Videos, and Publications Act 1993, §3,
http://rangi.knowledge-basket.co.nz/gpacts/reprint/
text/2005/se/042se3.html.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Department of Internal Affairs, Censorship and the
Internet, November 2006, http://www.censorship.
Censorship-Compliance-Censorship-and-theInternet?OpenDocument.
26. Department of Internal Affairs, Censorship
Compliance, December 2006,
http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Servi
ces-Censorship-Compliance-Index?OpenDocument.
27. Films, Videos, and Publications Act 1993, §23,
http://rangi.knowledge-basket.co.nz/gpacts/public/
text/1993/se/094se23.html.
28. InternetNZ, “ICOP,” May 2006, http://www.internetnz.net.nz/issues/current-issues/ICOP.
29. Department of Internal Affairs, Amendment Act of
2005, April 2005, available at http://www.dia.govt.nz/
diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-CensorshipCompliance-Amendment-Act-2005?OpenDocument.
30. Keith Manch and David Wilson, “Objectionable
material on the Internet: Developments in enforcement,” 2003, www.netsafe.org.nz/Doc_Library/netsafepapers_manchwilson_objectionable.pdf;
Electronic Frontiers Australia, “Internet censorship:
Law and policy around the world,” March 28, 2002,
http://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/cens3.html#nz.
31. Racial Discrimination Act 1975, §18C,
http://austlii.law.uts.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/rd
a1975202/s18c.html.
32. Galexia, “Article: Jones v Toben: Racial discrimination on the Internet,” Oct 2002, http://www.galexia.
com/public/research/articles/research_articlesart22.html#fn357.
33. Australian Department of Communications,
Information Technology and the Arts, “Racism and
the Internet,” November 2002, www.dcita.gov.
au/__data/assets/word_doc/10892/Racism_and_the_
Internet.doc.
34. Chilling Effects, “Google removal complaint: §18C of
Australia’s Racial Discrimination Act of 1975,” May
2006, http://www.chillingeffects.org/
international/notice.cgi?NoticeID=4266.
35. Human Rights Act 1993, §21(1), http://www.legislation.
govt.nz/browse_vw.asp?content-set=pal_statutes.
36. Films, Videos and Publication Act 1993, §3e,
http://rangi.knowledge-basket.co.nz/gpacts/
reprint/text/2005/se/042se3.html.
37. Austrade, “The Australian-United States Free Trade
Agreement in brief,” http://www.fta.gov.au/
ArticleDocuments/AUSFTA Client
Brochure_Final_200606.pdf.aspx.
Regional Overviews
5. The Australian Communications and Media Authority
was formed in July 2005, merging the Australian
Broadcasting Authority and the Australian
Communications Authority. See ACMA Overview,
http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD//pc=ACM
A_ORG_OVIEW.
6. Electronic Frontiers Australia, “Internet censorship
laws in Australia,” March 2006, http://www.efa.org.
au/Issues/Censor/cens1.html.
7. Ibid.; Office of Film and Literature Classification,
Guidelines for the Classification of Films and
Computer Games, 2005, http://www.oflc.gov.au/
resource.html?resource=62&filename=62.pdf.
8. Electronic Frontiers Australia, “Internet censorship
laws in Australia,” March 2006, http://www.efa.org.
au/Issues/Censor/cens1.html.
9. Australian Communications and Media Authority,
“Internet regulation,” February 2007,
http://www.acma.gov.au/web/STANDARD//pc%3DPC
_90169.
10. Schedule 1, Codes for Industry Co-Regulation in
Areas of Internet and Mobile Content (Pursuant to
the Requirements of the Broadcasting Services Act
1992), May 2005, http://www.acma.gov.au/acmainterwr/aba/contentreg/codes/internet/documents/
iia_code.pdf.
11. IIA Guide for ISPs, March 2006,
http://www.iia.net.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=121&Itemid=33.
12. Electronic Frontiers Australia, “Internet censorship
laws in Australia,” March 31, 2006, http://www.efa.
org.au/Issues/Censor/cens1.html.
13. Ibid.
14. Classification (Publications, Films and Computer
Games) (Enforcement) Act 1995, §57,
http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/cfac
ga1995596/s57.html.
15. Electronic Frontiers Australia, “Internet censorship
laws in Australia,” March 31, 2006,
http://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/cens1.html.
16. Senator Helen Coonan, “$116.6 million to protect
Australian families,” June 2006, http://www.minister.
dcita.gov.au/media/media_releases/$116.6_million_t
o_protect_australian_families_online.
17. Stephen Deare, “ISP level porn filtering won’t work,
says Coonan,” June 2006, http://www.cnet.com.au/
broadband/0,239036008,240063710,00.htm.
18. Stephen Hutcheon, “YouTube bans don’t work:
Internet founder,” March 2007, http://www.stuff.co.
nz/3986172a11275.html.
19. Ibid.
20. InternetNZ, “Internet governance in NZ,”
http://www.internetnz.net.nz/net-in-nz/governance.
21. Electronic Frontiers Australia, “Internet censorship:
Law and policy around the world,” March 28, 2002,
http://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/cens3.html#nz.
22. Films, Videos, and Publications Act 1993, §3,
http://rangi.knowledge-basket.co.nz/gpacts/reprint/
text/2005/se/042se3.html.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Department of Internal Affairs, Censorship and the
Internet, November 2006, http://www.censorship.
Censorship-Compliance-Censorship-and-theInternet?OpenDocument.
26. Department of Internal Affairs, Censorship
Compliance, December 2006,
http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Servi
ces-Censorship-Compliance-Index?OpenDocument.
27. Films, Videos, and Publications Act 1993, §23,
http://rangi.knowledge-basket.co.nz/gpacts/public/
text/1993/se/094se23.html.
28. InternetNZ, “ICOP,” May 2006, http://www.internetnz.net.nz/issues/current-issues/ICOP.
29. Department of Internal Affairs, Amendment Act of
2005, April 2005, available at http://www.dia.govt.nz/
diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-CensorshipCompliance-Amendment-Act-2005?OpenDocument.
30. Keith Manch and David Wilson, “Objectionable
material on the Internet: Developments in enforcement,” 2003, www.netsafe.org.nz/Doc_Library/netsafepapers_manchwilson_objectionable.pdf;
Electronic Frontiers Australia, “Internet censorship:
Law and policy around the world,” March 28, 2002,
http://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/cens3.html#nz.
31. Racial Discrimination Act 1975, §18C,
http://austlii.law.uts.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/rd
a1975202/s18c.html.
32. Galexia, “Article: Jones v Toben: Racial discrimination on the Internet,” Oct 2002, http://www.galexia.
com/public/research/articles/research_articlesart22.html#fn357.
33. Australian Department of Communications,
Information Technology and the Arts, “Racism and
the Internet,” November 2002, www.dcita.gov.
au/__data/assets/word_doc/10892/Racism_and_the_
Internet.doc.
34. Chilling Effects, “Google removal complaint: §18C of
Australia’s Racial Discrimination Act of 1975,” May
2006, http://www.chillingeffects.org/
international/notice.cgi?NoticeID=4266.
35. Human Rights Act 1993, §21(1), http://www.legislation.
govt.nz/browse_vw.asp?content-set=pal_statutes.
36. Films, Videos and Publication Act 1993, §3e,
http://rangi.knowledge-basket.co.nz/gpacts/
reprint/text/2005/se/042se3.html.
37. Austrade, “The Australian-United States Free Trade
Agreement in brief,” http://www.fta.gov.au/
ArticleDocuments/AUSFTA Client
Brochure_Final_200606.pdf.aspx.