82
4 Investigation into the Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead …
20
40
60
80
100
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
Removal, %
Initial concentration (mg/l)
cadmium
lead
Fig. 4.3 Influence of initial concentration on percentage removal of cadmium and lead by GXCS
(conditions: contact time: 120 min; solution pH: cadmium = 6.0, lead = 5.0; temperature: 25 °C;
adsorbent dosage: 4.5 g/L)
4.8.4 Influence of Adsorbate Initial Concentration
Figure 4.3 shows the impact of initial cadmium concentration and leads on percentage
elimination. The percentage of the removal for cadmium reduces from 99.6 to 30%
whereas that of lead dropped from 99.3 to 25% as the concentration rose from 40
to 220 mg/L. This pattern is popular and has been documented in previous research
via a series of adsorption studies [24–26]. Subsequently, ample functional groups
for cadmium and lead are accessible at decreased concentration level of metal ions.
The fractional adsorption thus is independent of the actual concentration of ions.
Comparison with the available adsorption sites, the quantity of cadmium and lead
ions is really higher at an elevated concentration. The percentage of heavy metal ions
taken away thus primarily depends on the initial ions concentration and reduces with
a rise in initial ions concentration [13].
4.8.5 Influence of Contact Time
The time it needs to accomplish stability by metal ions and adsorbent is of major
significance in the experimental investigation as it focuses on the type of the method
used. The impact of interaction duration by GXCS for cadmium and lead adsorption is
shown in Fig. 4.4. The findings show that the quantity of cadmium and lead adsorbed
on GXCS improves rapidly with contact time up to 60 min after which no additional
4 Investigation into the Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead …
20
40
60
80
100
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
Removal, %
Initial concentration (mg/l)
cadmium
lead
Fig. 4.3 Influence of initial concentration on percentage removal of cadmium and lead by GXCS
(conditions: contact time: 120 min; solution pH: cadmium = 6.0, lead = 5.0; temperature: 25 °C;
adsorbent dosage: 4.5 g/L)
4.8.4 Influence of Adsorbate Initial Concentration
Figure 4.3 shows the impact of initial cadmium concentration and leads on percentage
elimination. The percentage of the removal for cadmium reduces from 99.6 to 30%
whereas that of lead dropped from 99.3 to 25% as the concentration rose from 40
to 220 mg/L. This pattern is popular and has been documented in previous research
via a series of adsorption studies [24–26]. Subsequently, ample functional groups
for cadmium and lead are accessible at decreased concentration level of metal ions.
The fractional adsorption thus is independent of the actual concentration of ions.
Comparison with the available adsorption sites, the quantity of cadmium and lead
ions is really higher at an elevated concentration. The percentage of heavy metal ions
taken away thus primarily depends on the initial ions concentration and reduces with
a rise in initial ions concentration [13].
4.8.5 Influence of Contact Time
The time it needs to accomplish stability by metal ions and adsorbent is of major
significance in the experimental investigation as it focuses on the type of the method
used. The impact of interaction duration by GXCS for cadmium and lead adsorption is
shown in Fig. 4.4. The findings show that the quantity of cadmium and lead adsorbed
on GXCS improves rapidly with contact time up to 60 min after which no additional