3.2 Experimental
51
W C =
W 1 − W 2
W 2
(3.1)
where W 1 and W 2 denote the wet GXXB and dry GXXB weights, respectively.
3.2.4 Classification of the Beads/Perles
Approximately 1.0 g XB, XXB and GXXB were weighed separately and then oven
dried at 60 °C. The dried beads were blended to their powdered form, and infrared
measurement was done with a Shimadzu FTIR model 8300 Kyoto, Japan; the spectra
were acquired within 500–4000 cm
−1 limit.
The crystallinity of the beads was studied with a Shimadzu XRD 7000 model,
and the intensities were reported at 10–90° (2 θ ) range. The weight loss of the beads
was studied with a Shimadzu TGA 8000 Japan at various temperatures. The SEM
analysis was performed by bisecting XB, XXB and GXXB separately in order to
gain a well-defined view of the inner fibres. The bisected perles are wrapped in gold,
and the morphology of the coated beads was examined with Jeol 733 superprobe.
3.2.5 Studies in Adsorption
Investigation on batch adsorption was actualized in a shaker controlled by temperature. A provided mass of GXXB was placed in a series of Erlenmeyer flasks, and
samples of 100 mL with a known concentration were then measured in each flask.
The sample pH was 0.1 M HCl, or 0.1 M NaOH, controlled.
The influence of the adsorption variables was analysed based on the following
conditions: pH (2–8), contact time (10–80) min, initial concentration (0.5–2.5)
mmol/L, adsorbent dose (2–10) g/L, temperature (25–55) °C and ionic strength
(0.01–0.2) M. The research was performed in parallel, and this analysis reported
the average outcome. Experiment on isotherms, thermodynamics, kinetics were also
performed. The sum of metal ions adsorbed to the adsorbent can be estimated from the
mass balance equation as shown in 3.2 for any system under equilibrium conditions.
q e =
(C o − C e ) × V
M
(3.2)
where q e (mmol/g) is the adsorption potential for equilibrium, C o and C e are the initial
and equilibrium concentration (mmol/L) of heavy metal ion in solution, respectively,
while V (mL) is the volume and M (g) is the adsorbent weight. Equation 3.3 is used in
calculating the efficiency of removal of metal ions from a single component mixture.
%R =
(C o − C e )
C o
× 100
(3.3)
51
W C =
W 1 − W 2
W 2
(3.1)
where W 1 and W 2 denote the wet GXXB and dry GXXB weights, respectively.
3.2.4 Classification of the Beads/Perles
Approximately 1.0 g XB, XXB and GXXB were weighed separately and then oven
dried at 60 °C. The dried beads were blended to their powdered form, and infrared
measurement was done with a Shimadzu FTIR model 8300 Kyoto, Japan; the spectra
were acquired within 500–4000 cm
−1 limit.
The crystallinity of the beads was studied with a Shimadzu XRD 7000 model,
and the intensities were reported at 10–90° (2 θ ) range. The weight loss of the beads
was studied with a Shimadzu TGA 8000 Japan at various temperatures. The SEM
analysis was performed by bisecting XB, XXB and GXXB separately in order to
gain a well-defined view of the inner fibres. The bisected perles are wrapped in gold,
and the morphology of the coated beads was examined with Jeol 733 superprobe.
3.2.5 Studies in Adsorption
Investigation on batch adsorption was actualized in a shaker controlled by temperature. A provided mass of GXXB was placed in a series of Erlenmeyer flasks, and
samples of 100 mL with a known concentration were then measured in each flask.
The sample pH was 0.1 M HCl, or 0.1 M NaOH, controlled.
The influence of the adsorption variables was analysed based on the following
conditions: pH (2–8), contact time (10–80) min, initial concentration (0.5–2.5)
mmol/L, adsorbent dose (2–10) g/L, temperature (25–55) °C and ionic strength
(0.01–0.2) M. The research was performed in parallel, and this analysis reported
the average outcome. Experiment on isotherms, thermodynamics, kinetics were also
performed. The sum of metal ions adsorbed to the adsorbent can be estimated from the
mass balance equation as shown in 3.2 for any system under equilibrium conditions.
q e =
(C o − C e ) × V
M
(3.2)
where q e (mmol/g) is the adsorption potential for equilibrium, C o and C e are the initial
and equilibrium concentration (mmol/L) of heavy metal ion in solution, respectively,
while V (mL) is the volume and M (g) is the adsorbent weight. Equation 3.3 is used in
calculating the efficiency of removal of metal ions from a single component mixture.
%R =
(C o − C e )
C o
× 100
(3.3)