50
3 Adsorption of Pb(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cr(VI) …
3.2 Experimental
3.2.1 Materials and Equipment’s
The chemicals applied in this analysis have been of analytical quality and have
been used without any further treatment. Chitosan powder was acquired from China
with a degree of 74% deacetylation. Sigma-Aldrich purchased glutaraldehyde and
ethylene acrylic acid (almost 99.5%). Domestic oven was introduced when the crosslinked beads were grafted. Hydrochloric acid (about 99%), acetic acid (about 99%),
sodium hydroxide (about 99%) have all been purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The
solution’s pH was measured with a pH metre (Hanna HI 8421) from Sigma-Aldrich
and bought from. Ultima 888 water distillery was used in school laboratory production of distilled water. In the adsorption experiment, a Shaker (Labcon incubator)
was used. For determining the sum of adsorbed metal ions, the atomic adsorption
spectrophotometer (Varian SpectrAA-10) was applied.
3.2.2 Preparation for Adsorbate
The stock solution that was used in this analysis was formulated by separately
dissolving a specific amount of CuSO 4 · 5H 2 O, CdCl 2 · H 2 O, Zn(NO 3 ) 2 · 6H 2 O,
Pb(NO 3 ) 2 , NiSO 4 · 6H 2 O and K 2 CrO 7 in purified water the produced stock solution was diluted with distilled water once again to acquire the necessary initial
concentrations of 0.5 to 2.5 mmol/L.
3.2.3 Chitosan Enhancement from Its Powdered Form
GXXB preparation requires four steps; first, 30 g of chitosan powder has been
dissolved in a solution of 5.0% (v/v) acetic acid in 1 L. Second, the dissolved solution
was mixed with a 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution (chemical cross-linking) and stirred
for a cross-linking reaction with a magnetic stirrer for 2 h.
Third, the cross-linked solution was then transferred to a 1 M solution of sodium
hydroxide through a glass pipette assisted by a peristaltic pump, this procedure leads
to the production of glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan gel beads. The gel beads
were rinsed numerous times with distilled water to detach any sodium hydroxide
residues. Fourthly, microwave technique was used in the grafting the interlinked
beads. It was made achievable by combining 4 g of the cross-linked beads in an
open neck flask with 0.1 g/L of ethylene acrylic acid. This flask was then put in a
microwave oven for 20 min, with a medium–low capacity. Once more, the grafted
cross-linked beads were rinsed with distilled water and ready for study use. The
percentage of the water content (WC) present in the GXXB was calculated using
3.1.
3 Adsorption of Pb(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cr(VI) …
3.2 Experimental
3.2.1 Materials and Equipment’s
The chemicals applied in this analysis have been of analytical quality and have
been used without any further treatment. Chitosan powder was acquired from China
with a degree of 74% deacetylation. Sigma-Aldrich purchased glutaraldehyde and
ethylene acrylic acid (almost 99.5%). Domestic oven was introduced when the crosslinked beads were grafted. Hydrochloric acid (about 99%), acetic acid (about 99%),
sodium hydroxide (about 99%) have all been purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The
solution’s pH was measured with a pH metre (Hanna HI 8421) from Sigma-Aldrich
and bought from. Ultima 888 water distillery was used in school laboratory production of distilled water. In the adsorption experiment, a Shaker (Labcon incubator)
was used. For determining the sum of adsorbed metal ions, the atomic adsorption
spectrophotometer (Varian SpectrAA-10) was applied.
3.2.2 Preparation for Adsorbate
The stock solution that was used in this analysis was formulated by separately
dissolving a specific amount of CuSO 4 · 5H 2 O, CdCl 2 · H 2 O, Zn(NO 3 ) 2 · 6H 2 O,
Pb(NO 3 ) 2 , NiSO 4 · 6H 2 O and K 2 CrO 7 in purified water the produced stock solution was diluted with distilled water once again to acquire the necessary initial
concentrations of 0.5 to 2.5 mmol/L.
3.2.3 Chitosan Enhancement from Its Powdered Form
GXXB preparation requires four steps; first, 30 g of chitosan powder has been
dissolved in a solution of 5.0% (v/v) acetic acid in 1 L. Second, the dissolved solution
was mixed with a 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution (chemical cross-linking) and stirred
for a cross-linking reaction with a magnetic stirrer for 2 h.
Third, the cross-linked solution was then transferred to a 1 M solution of sodium
hydroxide through a glass pipette assisted by a peristaltic pump, this procedure leads
to the production of glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan gel beads. The gel beads
were rinsed numerous times with distilled water to detach any sodium hydroxide
residues. Fourthly, microwave technique was used in the grafting the interlinked
beads. It was made achievable by combining 4 g of the cross-linked beads in an
open neck flask with 0.1 g/L of ethylene acrylic acid. This flask was then put in a
microwave oven for 20 min, with a medium–low capacity. Once more, the grafted
cross-linked beads were rinsed with distilled water and ready for study use. The
percentage of the water content (WC) present in the GXXB was calculated using
3.1.