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Symbols and Abbreviations
Q m
Maximum adsorption capacity from Langmuir (mg/g)
q max
Maximum adsorption loading (mmol/g)
q e
Amount adsorbed at equilibrium (mmol/g)
q t
Amount adsorbed at time t (mmol/g)
n
Adsorption intensity (L/mg)
R
Gas constant defined by 8.3145 J/mol K
R L
Dimensionless constant
χ
2
Chi-square test
G
o
Gibbs free energy change (kJ/mol)
H
o
Enthalpy change (kJ/mol)
S
o
Enthropy change (kJ/mol K)
SEM
Scanning electron microscope
T
Temperature (°C)
TGA
Thermogravimetry analysis
t
Service time of the bed (min)
t b
Time for breakthrough (min)
t e
Exhaustion time (min)
Q v
Volumetric flow rate (mL/min)
V eff
Effluent volume
m c
Amount of adsorbent in the column (g)
K YN
Yoon–Nelson rate constant (min
−1 )
β L
External diffusion coefficient
τ
Time needed for adsorbate breakthrough (min)
ε
Polanyi potential
N o
Adsorption capacity for the BDST model (mg/L)
U o
Linear flow velocity (L/min/m
2 )
μ
Interstitial velocity (m/s)
μ 1
Viscosity of solute solution (pa s)
α
Degree of protonation
K a
Adsorption rate constant (L/mg/min)
XB
Chitosan beads
X m
DKR isotherm constant
XRD
X-ray diffraction
XXB
Cross-linked chitosan beads
Z
Bed depth of the column (cm)